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Sexual dimorphism and skull morphology with regard to the social structure of the Great Moravian burial area Mikulčice
Rieger, Vojtěch ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Bigoni, Lucie (referee)
1 Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the influence of gender and socio-economic affinity on skull morphology in the population of Slavs from early medieval settlement Mikulčice. Mikulčice was the power center of Great Moravia with a hierarchically structured society. For a better understanding of historical relationships in the society at the time, it is important to identify individuals and classify them in the appropriate social group. There have been previously identified morphological differences of the skull between the inhabitants buried in the Mikulčice castle and those buried in the sub-castle area. These differences were related to the different living conditions based on the social status of the individuals buried in the castle and sub-castle area. This thesis studies whether there is a similar link between the individual's socio-economic affinity and the wealth of items found in graves. Furthermore, the influence of locality and burial equipment on skull morphology is compared with each other. Within the groups defined in this way, sexual dimorphism is also described, whose degree of manifestation, among other things, is related to the suitability of the external environment and is thus a convenient anthropological marker. A total of 89 individuals (40 women and 49 males) aged 20 to 60 years...
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Functional units and modularity of the human skull
Thon, Tomáš ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Musilová, Barbora (referee)
Modularity distributes complicated complex into partial functional units according to the distribution of their characteristics. Modules concentrate these characteristics. They are also units of integration and accelerate evolution. Skull is the most complicated region of human skeleton. Its parts communicate together mostly by cranial seams. The division of skull into partial areas is therefore more complicate than in others regions of skeleton. Because of this the skull is divided into modules. This way of division is however considerably variable. It is possible to determine different modules on the basis of the criteria used. These criteria could be for example the function, heterochrony or interaction with the soft tissue. This modular arrangement of human skull allows its fast transformations in individual areas without overall changes. The modern human skull owes its shape to its modular arrangement.
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Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis - its origin, evolutionary and functional implications
Kubátová, Lucie ; Rmoutilová, Rebeka (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis is usually being explained as an adaptation to upright walking and giving birth to newborns with large heads. This process led to the formation of a complicated birth mechanism. A relationship between size of the mother's pelvis and a head of the fetus is called an obstetrical dilemma. Under the influence of this evolution concept, the female pelvis is considered a strongly limited evolutionary structure. It is necessary that the female pelvis is wide enough, so that a baby can be born while allowing an effective bipedalism at the same time. Recent publications, however, are discussing this concept focusing more on the pelvic variability in the population. New findings have recently emerged concerning effects of ecological factors and neutral processes. The hypothesis of the developmental concept of the obstetrical dilemma is also proposed. Together, all these findings undermine the original model of human pelvis evolution, which is primarily based on selective compromise between two contradictory forces. The aim of the thesis is to describe the evolution of pelvic structures during evolution, to summarize the factors that contribute to the origin of sexual dimorphism in human pelvis and to approach the birth mechanism of humans compared to primates. Keywords...
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Facial reconstruction: an error of facial features prediction and facial recognition
Trsová, Iva ; Zedníková Malá, Pavla (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
Approximate facial reconstruction by features of the skull is one of the ways of estimating a person's appearance and assessing their identity. However, its use in practice has often been criticised. Even in our modern age, it is not an exclusively scientific method with an outstanding success ratio that would under any circumstances lead to identification of the target individual. It is applied primarily in archeology and forensic anthropology. There are more predictions methods for each part of the face. Each author prefers a different one and new ones are still emerging. The aim of the thesis is to provide an overview of the current prediction methods used in frontal facial reconstruction and also provide information about their precision/reliability. Furthermore, the thesis introduces the matter of facial recognition with focus on the influence of the changes in the position or size of the facial features (eyes, nose, lips). Key words: facial reconstruction, facial prediction, methods of reconstruction, face recognition, change of the position of facial features, accuracy of prediction guides
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Bigoni, Lucie (referee) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Ontogenesis and sexual dimorphism of human palate
Kotěrová, Anežka ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was especially to describe the formation and subsequent growth of the human palate considering sex differences, as well as the rugae palatinae, their significance, overview of rugae classification, sexual dimorphism and population variability. The establishment of palatal outgrowths, their subsequent growth and formation of a compact palate occurs in the very early (at the end of 5th week in utero) embryonic stage of ontogenetic development. Knowledge about the development of the human palate and its subsequent postnatal growth and final morphology is important for the further evaluation of sex or ethnic differences. Different variations can be found on the palatal mucosa particularly in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of rugae palatinae, which can be used as a complementary method for identification. The science that studies them is called palatoscopy and there are a large number of classification systems.
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Variability of cranial size and shape in modern humans
Danda, Hynek ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Bejdová, Šárka (referee)
Variability of cranial size and shape in modern humans is affected by many different factors. Neutral evolutionary processes: mutation, genetic drift and migration; sex; but also the environment in witch the individual grows andt the food it recieves are responsible for this variability. Due to ethical constrains in experiments on humans and primates is very difficult to determine to what extent is for observed differences responsible selection and what proportion generates developmental plasticity. From the climatic factors temperature most likely forms the biggest selection pressure, which is evident especially on the facial part of the skull. Another important climatic variable influencing skull shape, nasal cavity most, is humidity. Within-population diversity decreases with increasing geographic distance from putative origin of modern human expansion.
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