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Histology of bone tissue in anthropological applications
Valíková, Zuzana ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Cagáňová, Veronika (referee)
Bone is a hard mineralized structure forming the body support. The histological arrangement consists of bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts) and extracellular matrix. Arrangement of bone in vertebrates is different. We can distinguish the bones that occur in humans. As acellular bone. Or bones that in humans, occurring only a few - such as pneumatized bones. To research human bones using different animal models and each has its typical use. Key words: Bone tissue, histology, bone structure, animal models
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Footprints as indicators of characteristic features in hominins and anatomically modern humans
Morvová, Zuzana ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Makajevová, Eliška (referee)
The work deals with studying footprints of anatomically modern humans and their ancestors - hominins. We compare the footprints of anatomically modern human and chimpanzee Bonobo (Pan paniscus) and we summarize their characteristic features, which we use in determining the originators of the fossil footprints. We observe the connection between the foot anatomy, especially the presence or absence of a foot arch, the style of locomotion and the final shape of the footprint. We further try to find out whether it is possible to estimate walking speed, height and body weight of those who made the footprints. The study focuses on the standard techniques commonly used in footprint researches, but it also summarizes results of the modern methods. In the end we describe the locations of fossil trackways, for example in Laetoli and Ileret. Via the methods above we try to reconstruct the behavior and physical characteristics of the best-known originators of the fossil footprints.
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Body mass estimation by skeletal features in juvenile individuals
Volejníková, Anežka ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Jarešová, Pavla Alexia (referee)
Body mass is one of the basic human characteristics used in various anthropological disciplines and can be used in behavioral and environmental studies of present and past populations. This thesis provides a brief summary of methods by which the body mass can be retrospectively reconstructed from skeletal dimensions in juvenile individuals. It also summarizes the important factors which may affect the weight reconstruction, as the child skeleton is more sensitive to environmental influences than the adult skeleton. The effects of nutrition, genetics, physical activity and ecogeography are discussed. Key words: body mass estimation, body mass, ontogeny, growth, postcranial skeleton
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Changes in the external surfaces on the lower limb bones caused by taphonomic factors: Pohansko, 2nd church
Vitnerová, Tereza ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Pankowská, Anna (referee)
Changes in the external surfaces on the lower limb bones can be caused by various taphonomic factors. It is important for our work how these changes will affects. The aim of the work was to process and subsequently evaluate the changes in the external surfaces on the lower limb bones. For analyses we chose set of adults from 2nd church burial ground Pohansko near Břeclav, we chose specifically braid of the lower limbs (cingulum membri inferioris) and free lower limb (pars libera membri inferioris). We wrote down taphonomic changes into prepared protocols, changes were typologically about damages and color changes. We used programs InkScape and AdobePhotoshop to transform paper protocols into digital form. Heat maps are outputs from this programms through them we are able to see incidence rate of individual changes. We most often detected the occurrence of an orange color on the bones of the lower limbs, so we focused on its cause. We found an increased content of silicon and aluminum in its chemical composition, so we assume that it could be an aluminosilicate weathering product. Key words: Pohansko, taphonomy, taphonomic factors, bone surface, lower limb
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Ontogeny of the human bone robusticity
Königová, Viktória ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Rmoutilová, Rebeka (referee)
Measures of bone robusticity are used in order to reconstruct habitual activity of past populations. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to summarize the development of bone biomechanical properties and to create an overview of the factors affecting the ontogeny of human bone robusticity. The covered influences include genetics, ecogeographical environment and subsistence strategies. An emphasis is put on the mechanical load as it is considered a key determinant of postcranial robusticity. Additionally, the interplay of these factors and its influence on the adult robusticity is discussed. Key words: bone functional adaptation, habitual activity, ontogeny, robusticity, strain
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Directional asymmetry of upper limb and back muscle activity during bow draw; implications for bioarcheology
Véle, Dominik ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Galeta, Patrik (referee)
This theses explores muscle activity during bow draw. The goal of his study is to evaluate whether muscle activity corresponds with increase in mechanical robusticity of the left humerus found in mezolithic osteological material. Muscle activity is measured by the means of surface electromyography. We measure activity of arm and back muscles. Activity was measured on m. deltoideus, m. infraspinatus, m. biceps brachii, m. triceps brachii and m. latissimus dorsi. Muscle activity was measured on 20 male archers, during bow draw of three wooden long-bows. Results of this study support the idea that change in robusticity of the left humerus could be caused by frequent bow use in post-glacial Europe.
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Periosteal changes on the upper limb bones as the indicator of taphonomic processes (Pohansko, 2nd church)
Salavová, Šárka ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Pankowská, Anna (referee)
The preservation of the bones and their appearance depends on the conditions in which the individual was buried. The aim of the diploma thesis was to explore protocols, quantify periosteal changes and try to interpret them. For quantification, we chose the upper limb - the cingulum membri superioris and pars libera membri superioris without the skeleton of the hand (ossa manus). We examined skeletal remains of 55 individuals (25 women, 30 men) from the burial site at the 2nd church in Pohansko. The burial site dates back to the Great Moravia period (the end of the 9th and beginning of the 10th century). We recorded periosteal changes in images that we digitized in InkScape. In InkScape, we localized periosteal changes, and using ImageCalculator, we found the area of percentage of periosteal changes on the bone surface. We observed two types of periosteal changes: bone damage (for example absence of periosteal surface, exposed spongiosis) and color changes (for example orange, black or green discoloration). By digitizing protocols and processing them in InkScape, we analyzed the areas of occurrence for individual periosteal changes and, using ImageCalculator, we found the most common area of periosteal changes. The most frequent bone damage was the absence of the periosteal surface and the most...
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Reconstruction of the influence of grinding technology on upper limb muscle activity
Struška, Michal ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
Interpretation of changes of humeral asymmetry during the Holocene period was based on the analysis of upper limb muscle activity during cereal grinding using the saddle quern and rotary quern. The aim of the diploma thesis was to test if the dominant upper limb muscle activity during cereal grinding using the saddle quern and rotary quern might be estimated by measuring the activity of musculus deltoideus (pars clavicularis), musculus infraspinatus, musculus pectoralis major and musculus triceps brachii (caput longum). Using surface electromyography, we have analyzed activity of musculus biceps brachii, musculus deltoideus (pars clavicularis), musculus deltoideus (pars acromialis), musculus deltoideus (pars spinalis), musculus pectoralis major, musculus infraspinatus, musculus triceps brachii (caput laterale) and musculus triceps brachii (caput longum) during cereal grinding using the saddle quern and rotary quern in 25 subjects. Consistent with our prediction, musculus biceps brachii was the least active muscle during saddle quern grinding and clockwise rotary grinding, therefore it is possible to exclude musculus biceps brachii from the sample of analyzed muscles. Pars clavicularis, pars acromialis and pars spinalis of musculus deltoideus were more active during rotary quern grinding than...
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The value of the skeleton in reconstruction of activity on the example of archery
Véle, Dominik ; Sládek, Vladimír (advisor) ; Fikar, Vojtěch (referee)
Skeletal remains of anatomically modern humans could be a source of informations about movement activities carried out during life. Archery was an important activity for our ancestors and it is an activity that can leave a trace on the skeleton. So far, no research asked the question whether traces left on skeletal remnants correspond to some general pattern related to archery. Enthesopathies and long bone shafts are the subject of this thesis because these methods are used in the reconstruction of archery. Reviewed literature suggests that long bone shafts are useful in the activity reconstruction. Enthesopathies are useful as well but it is important to consider some specific properties of enthesopaties when using them. Information gained from the enthesopathies and long bone shafts should be explained in a historical context. For this reason, this thesis provides context by adding a general chapter related to bow in general and to hunting activities with a bow. Reviewed literature suggests that it is indeed possible to find a general pattern of a skeletal traces for archery with long bone shafts but probably not with enthesopathies.
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