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Invasive pest species in fruit crops in the Czech Republic
Holý, Kamil ; Stará, Jitka ; Kocourek, František ; Ouředníčková, Jana ; Skalský, Michal ; Pultar, Oldřich
The publication summarizes the basic information about invasive pest species in fruit orchards, spreading to our country since 2000. Information about morphology, similar species, area of origin, distribution in Europe and Czechia, risk of introduction, life cycle, host plants, methods of monitoring and control, are provided for each pest species.
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Cultivation of stone fruits in the conditions of occurrence of the causal agents of cork necrosis and premature death of apricots and peaches in production orchards
Pánková, Iveta ; Krejzar, Václav ; Krejzarová, Radka
The methodology monitors the vegetation season in the orchards of stone fruits with regard to the possible influence of performed agrotechnical measurements on the occurrence of the pests, especially bacterial causal agents from the complex Pseudomonas syringae (Ps), Ps. pv. syringae and Ps. pv. morsprunorum races 1. and 3. Regulation of bacterial pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to the current possibilities of fruit tree protection, the range of cultivated genotypes and the complex life cycle of pathogens. Manifestations of the disease vary in individual growing seasons depending on the weather. However, the effects and severity of the disease are cumulative. Caring for the health of the tree begins with the production of nursery sprouts and must continue throughout the life of the tree. The methodology describes the individual standard agrotechnical measurements in production orchards in the context of the pathogen life cycle. Based on the results of the project, possible labor and economically acceptable modifications of agricultural practices including timing are proposed in order to reduce the inoculum of cork necrosis agents and reduce economic losses due to premature death of apricot trees.
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A method for identification of foreign amylases in honey
Erban, Tomáš ; Shcherbachenko, Elena ; Talacko, Pavel ; Harant, Karel
Honey is a unique natural product. Honey has been used as a sweet and delicious foodstuff since ancient times. However, it is also valued for its multifaceted currative properties. Unfortunately, honey is one of the most adulterated foods. Nothing may be added to or modified from the honey. Honey also needs to be handled with care. Honey quality can negatively be affected by the way of processing such as heating and storage. Despite great progress in analytical methods, it is not possible to prove all adulterated honeys. Some methods of adulteration are quite sophisticated. Therefore, it is necessary find new approaches and methods for identification of honey adulteration. To be sold, honey must comply with internationally valid standards, which are also valid at national levels with possible minor modifications. One of the important parameters for honey is the level of diastase or amylase enzyme activity, which is a recognized indicator of the freshness and quality of honey. Lower diastase activity below the established level may indicate old honey, but it may also be the result of careless handling of honey. Last but not least, diastase activity may be reduced due to adulteration of honey such as its dilution with sugar substitutes. It is possible that amylase activity can be artificially adjusted by the addition of enzymes. Honey adulterated by the artificially added amylase meets the legislative requirements for placing honey on the market, but this violates the rules laid down by law. The methods used so far have not made it possible to prove this way of honey adulteration. Therefore, this methodology focuses on the identification of foreign amylases that may occur in honey. The methodology enables to identify practically any foreign amylase in honey by bottom-up shotgun proteomic approach. Based on the obtained results with specific peptides can be further used for the development of a targeted method for the identification of foreign amylases.
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Methodology of treatment of infested wood by spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) using EDN(R) fumigation preparation
Stejskal, Václav ; Hnátek, Jonáš ; Kadlec, Jakub ; Aulický, Radek
The methodology describes the effective application of EDN(R) in the treatment of unprocessed wooden logs on heaps in forest. This methodology provides the technical and biological information regarding effective application of EDN(R) with the active substance ethanedinitrile in the treatment of harvested spruce logs in order to reduce the risk of spreading European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). The methodology describes technical specifications and the use of special application equipment for the application of the liquefied EDN from cylinders using nitrogen as an inert drive to treat harvested coniferous wood. The methodology is based on original experimental data. The general goal of the methodology was to help mitigate the current bark beetle calamity in the Czech Republic. The specific objectives of the methodology were to provide (i) objective and original information for the purposes of professional pest control staff and supervisory authorities (especially CISTA) on the method and procedure for treating wood using the EDN(R) product; ii) methodological documents necessary for repeated rapid preparation of the CISTA regulation for the use of EDN for the treatment of landfills under tarpaulin; and (iii) to provide a brief overview of published scientific information and an evaluation of the methods and preparations used for phyto-quarantine treatment of wood against European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) in comparison with the new procedure described in this methodology (i.e. EDN-fumigation of piles of spruce-logs under a plastic sheet).
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Fumigation methods of wood to control invasive cermabycid beetles from then genus invazním Anoplophora sp.
Stejskal, Václav ; Hnátek, Jonáš ; Vokněr, Jan ; Vendl, Tomáš ; Kadlec, Jakub ; Aulický, Radek
Longhorn beetles Anoplophora glabripennis and Anoplophora chinensis are quarantine pests of woody plants, which are, among other routes, spread in wooden pallets and packaging. The methodology describes the effective application of EDN(R) (active substance ethanedinitrile) in the treatment of wooden packaging and untreated wood in order to reduce the risk of the introduction of invasive species of wood-destroying pests (Anoplophora spp.) into the Czech Republic. Quarantine fumigation with methyl bromide is banned in the EU, and the alternative method of heat treatment (ISMP 15) is logistically demanding and cannot be performed in containers or under tarpaulin. The specific objective of the methodology is to provide a technical description of the procedure for the effective application (under tarpaulin / in a container) of EDN(R) to control longhorn beetles A. glabripennis and A. chinensis; the methodology is also prepared as a basis for the possible need for a rapid emergency regulation (ÚKZÚZ - CISTA) for the use in the Czech Republic of Anoplophora spp. longhorn beetles. Another goal is to give a brief overview and evaluation of methods and used products for phyto-quarantine wood treatment in comparison with the new procedure. The methodology is based on original experimental data, which was the basis for determining effective doses of EDN; the doses were expressed as the so-called Ctproduct of concentration and time. Ct- EDN products were determined to a large extent on the model species of longhorn beetle Hylotrupes bajulus (so-called adequate / analogous model species), and then validated for both target species of quarantine longhorn beetles A. glabripennis and A. chinensis. The methodology presents technical specifications and the use of application equipment for the application of liquefied EDN from cylinders using nitrogen as a propellant.
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On farm conservation of obsolete cultivars and landraces methodology
Holubec, Vojtěch ; Janovská, Dagmar ; Papoušková, Ludmila
This methodology defines basic terminology connected to on-farm conservation, presents links to international agreements and legal documents and describes its participants. There are presented possible practices of conservation based on experience in Europe, especially ECPGR, FAO and international projects focused on this topic. It proposes the system of on-farm conservation in the conditions of the Czech Republic as well as possibilities of its integration to international/European networks.
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Methodology of cryoconservation of in vitro cultures of fruit trees
Bilavčík, Alois ; Faltus, Miloš ; Zámečník, Jiří
The purpose of the methodology is to store selected genotypes of fruit trees, especially apple and pear trees, in conditions of cryogenic temperatures within the National Program. The newly created methodology will enable efficient and effective cryopreservation of genetic resources of selected fruit trees. The methodology brings newly defined encapsulation dehydration procedures of cryopreservation optimized using the thermal method of differential scanning calorimetry.
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Production and use of specialized substrates and organic fertilizers in agriculture: Methodology for practice
Šimon, Tomáš ; Usťak, Sergej ; Váňa, Vojtěch
The aim of the methodology is to provide to farmers, agricultural advisors, gardeners, producers and users of organic fertilizers and cultivation substrates, research workers and agricultural educators and all other interested parties, the basic information on the possibilities to use specialized substrates and organic fertilizers in agriculture. Its application in practice can ensure environmentally acceptable and economically efficient fertilization of agricultural crops. In the introduction, the methodology provides a basic overview of literary information about the concerned issue. Furthermore, the methodology describes the results obtained during the research project, which can be used in practice and provides agrochemical, agronomic and economic assessment. Part of the methodology is the assessment of agrochemical efficiency of fertilizer application at the cultivation of selected agricultural crops. There are described application methods and effects on soil and plants. Finally, it provides a summary of the results achieved and general recommendations for practice.
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Cereal diseases from sowing to harvest (determination and protection options): Methodology for practice
Slavíková, Lucie ; Chrpová, Jana ; Palicová, Jana ; Hanzalová, Alena ; Dumalasová, Veronika ; Ripl, Jan ; Jarošová, Jana ; Kumar, Jiban
The fungal and virus diseases are still very actual topics due to the high proportion of cereals in crop rotation and large cultivated area. The cereal crops often decimated by fungal diseases like eyespot, powdery mildew, smuts, rusts, Fusarium head blight and brown leaf spot diseases. The virus diseases include Barley yellow dwarf virus – BYDV, Wheat dwarf virus – WDV and Wheat streak mosaic virus – WSMV are also very important due to the epidemic incidence in some years. This methodology summarizes the current knowledge of these fungal and virus diseases, focuses on the description, symptoms, occurrence, field and laboratory diagnostics and possibilities of crop protection against these diseases. Individual diseases are ranked in the order of their occurrence in the agroecosystem. The methodology can serve the farming communities and agronomist as a key to identifying the diseases infecting wheat crop.
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Methodics of risk determination of increased BYDV occurrence in winter cereals
Jarošová, Jana ; Bartáková, Pavla ; Broženská, Michaela ; Kumar, Jiban
One of the most important viruses affecting cereals in the Czech Republic is Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). BYDV is transmitted by cereal aphids and intensity of its occurrence varies strongly in individual years. Insecticide application protects the stands against virus transmission. In some years, however, the application of the insecticide is groundless. In this methodology we provide a method for increased BYDV occurrence risk evaluation in the field by sample collection of volunteer plants. The methodology is meant to serve mainly to farmers, agronomists and agricultural advisors.
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