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The Balance of the Nitrogen in Agriculture
Klír, Jan ; Beranová, Jana ; Dědina, Martin ; Wollnerová, Jana
Methodology addressing nitrogen balance issues is a suitable tool for verifying the correctness of agricultural management and shows the relation between nitrogen used in agriculture and its losses in gaseous form to air or in the form of nitrates to surface and groundwater. The assessment of nitrogen balance, greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants is closely linked and therefore requires the quantification of nitrogen sources used in agriculture. Synchronization of input data used to evaluate nitrogen flows in agriculture is essential to increasing the methodological level of reporting the nitrogen balance, greenhouse gas emissions and pollutants for the Czech Republic in terms of the requirements of international organizations.
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Methodology for use of technological waters on agricultural land (3rd ed.)
Mühlbachová, Gabriela ; Svoboda, Pavel ; Klír, Jan ; Vegricht, Jiří
The production of technological waters from stables is evaluated in the methodology for the use of technological waters in agriculture. The corresponding legislation amended in 2021 is described. Attention is focused on technological waters from livestock breeding and simple processing of plant products. The production of technological waters is evaluated from the point of view of individual operations in which the technological waters are produces, particularly in milking and cooling equipment. THe characteristics of technological waters, particuarly the nutrient contents and potential risks of their use on the agricultural land are also evaluated in the methodology. the influence of tehcnological eaters on the growth of plants and microbial biomass content and activity in the soil was experimentally verified. The methodology contains the recommendation for the application of technological waters on the agricultural land.
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Storing of manure, treated sludge and feed on agricultural land
Svoboda, Pavel ; Wollnerová, Jana ; Kozlovská, Lada ; Klír, Jan
Solid manure of various livestock, compost and, more recently, digestate separates may be deposited on agricultural land under certain conditions. The rules for their imposition are laid down by legislation. The methods of storing treated sludge and voluminous fodder, such as silage and hay, and the operation of feeding grounds on agricultural land are also determined by current legislation. Of the mineral fertilizers, it is possible to deposit on agricultural land only the calcium fertilizer (sugar bowl, fertilizers based on ground limestone). The methodology responds to the changes in legislation in 2020 and 2021, is based, among other things, on agricultural practice and provides comprehensive guidance for storing these materials and operating feeding grounds on agricultural land. It clearly describes all measures aimed at maintaining the quality of the material stored and reducing the risk of environmental pollution, in particular surface water and groundwater. It also recommends the possibility of reclamation after delivery of fertilizers, treated sludge, removal of feed and closure of the feeding grounds. Particular attention shall be paid to measures addressing the potential of sites in vulnerable areas identified under the Nitrates Directive Action Programme. Last but not least, the methodology also includes instructions for selecting a suitable place to store fertilisers, treated sludge and voluminous feed, or a place to feed, using data from the Land Register (LPIS) at the Farmer's Portal.
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Cereal pests and their natural enemies
Honěk, Alois ; Martinková, Zdena ; Platková, Hana ; Saska, Pavel ; Skuhrovec, Jiří
The methodology mainly summarizes the new results and experiences of the author's team, which has been studying the biology of some cereal pests and their natural enemies for a long time. The aim is to draw attention to selected species of pests, to provide instructions on how to recognize them, in some cases to find out their current numbers in cereal stands and within the possibilities of current knowledge to predict further development of their abundance in a given stand and estimate yield reduction. Another goal is to recapitulate protection options with an emphasis on the use of natural enemies. The third goal is enlightenment. The methodology provides an accessible way to understand the biology and population development processes of cereal pests (especially aphids) so that the reader does not remain a blind user of unwarranted practical instructions, but can decide for himself according to the immediate situation.
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Benefits and risks of nitrogen fertilizers for support of straw decomposition
Mühlbachová, Gabriela ; Růžek, Pavel ; Kusá, Helena ; Vavera, Radek ; Káš, Martin ; Watzlová, Elizaveta
The methodology evaluates the benefits and risks of generally used nitrogen application to support cereal straw decomposition. The possibilities of reduction of the commonly recommended nitrogen doses were verified. The appropriate fertilization manners are suggested with regard to nutrient availability for following crops including optimal N doses in cases when the N supply is necessary. The recommendations represent the result of field trials in different soil-climatic conditions and also on farms, where different nitrogen fertilizers have been applied to winter wheat straw. The results showed that depending on the weather, the fertilization with nitrogen in the summer and autumn period decomposes 30-50% of the straw in the given year, and without fertilizing then 25-30%. Based on the obtained results, there is recommended to reduce fertilization with nitrogen mineral fertilizers to 4-5 kg N/t of straw If the following crop id the oilseed rape or intercrop with higher nitrogen nutrition demands, there is possible to increase N dose to 6-10 kg N/t straw. This recommendation is related also on liquid manure and organic fertilizers containing nitrogen also in organic form. Lower doses of above mentioned range are recommended if no following crop is sown, higher does if possible to apply before sowing of winter crops or intercrops. Overall straw decomposition was higher after application of fertilizers on straw leaved 3 weeks on soil surface. Straw on soil surface reduces water losses from soil and warming in warm summer period, which improves water, carbon and nutrient retention in a soil.
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Methodology to identify missing genetic resources in culture collections, strategy to fill the gaps
Komínek, Petr a kolektiv
The methodology was created under the National programme on conservation of microbial genetic resources of economical imortance. Its preparation was planned in the beginning of a current period of solving the National programme (2018-2022). The methodology describe procedures for the evaluation of specialization of individual collections from the point of view variability of genetic resources held on the collections. The goal of the methodology is to improve the work of microbial collections for the sustainable conservation of microbial genetic resources.
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The possibilities to use biochar-based fertilizing substrates from combined hydrothermochemical treatment of contaminated biowastes
Usťak, Sergej ; Muňoz Jans, Jakub ; Váňa, Vojtěch
The methodology aim is to provide the basic information about fertilizing products for improving soil properties based on combined hydrothermochemical treatment of biowaste, including contaminated ones (especially sewage sludge) to the farmers, agricultural advisers, owners and operators of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and biogas plants (BGP), experts in reclamation and amelioration field, investors and others interested parties on the questions concerned. In the introduction, the methodology provides a basic overview about literary information regarding to coal similar materials, methods for their preparation, especially the methods of biowaste hydrothermochemical carbonization, including contaminated ones, as well as an overview about their basic properties and especially the possibilities and perspectives of application in practice. Furthermore, the methodology describes the results obtained during the solution of the research project that are usable in practice, and it provides their agrochemical, ecological and economic evaluation, too. Finally, it is provided an overview of the potential and main possibilities to apply the new fertilizers based on biowaste hydrothermochemical treatment, including contaminated ones, for improving soil properties and especially for the fertilization of common agricultural and anthropogenic soils.
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Methodology for assessing the effect of sublethal doses of pesticides on solitary bees employing the OMICs approach
Erban, Tomáš ; Shcherbachenko, Elena ; Šlachta, Martin ; Cudlín, Pavel ; Chalupníková, Julie ; Halešová, Taťána ; Tomešová, Daniela ; Václavíková, Marta ; Votavová, Alena
Pollinators are potentially exposed to a number of pesticides in the environment. The most important group of hazardous substances comes from the category of plant protection products (PPPs), which are applied not only by farmers but also by small gardeners. Each PPP including the active substance and formulation undergoes a very detailed and thorough evaluation, which is in the European Union (EU) based on Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Although the negative effects of PPPs on the environment and non-target organisms are minimized with proper use, we cannot rule out possible hidden effects, especially those of a sublethal nature. Modern analytical approaches, such as the application of high-throughput methods, help to identify hidden side effects. This methodology is focused on the evaluation of the effect of sublethal doses of pesticides on solitary bees employing the OMICs approach. In the risk assessment of pesticides, the honey bee has long been preferred as a model species of pollinator, while solitary bees stay in the background. The methodology contains innovative aspects for experiments, such as a modified isolator, preparation of plants for exposure, the timing of the experiment, monitoring of active substance distribution or proteomic analysis of solitary bees to identify hidden effects of the test substance or its formulation. In this methodology, the model of the solitary bee, red mason bee (Osmia bicornis), is considered. However, the methodology is also applicable to other, especially related species of solitary bees. The methodology can be used in areas of state administration, private laboratories and research activities in the assessment of environmental risks of pesticides on solitary bees. The methodological procedure can confirm or even eliminate environmental risks when registering new products or reevaluating existing products. This methodology therefore has the potential for use in testing new substances intended for plant protection before their registration. In an exemplary embodiment, the effect of acetamiprid in a Careo sticks formulation was tested. The distribution of acetamiprid in the soil substrate and the plant was evaluated. The hazardous metabolite acetamiprid IM-2-1 was identified in plant tissues. However, proteomic analysis indicated a very low risk of acetamiprid for O. bicornis. This result is in agreement with the fact that acetamiprid has been assessed by EFSA to be a low risk for bees and is registered in the EU until 28 February 2033.
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