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PCP sorption of lignite
Šnédarová, Gabriela ; Taraba, Boleslav (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
Within the framework of this diploma thesis, the sorptive capability of a lignite as a natural adsorbent was applied on an aqueous solution of pentachlorophenol. The aqueous solution of this substance, which is very dangerous for the environment, was prepared in various concentration ranges according to reached solubility. The solubility is noticed in different literatures variously and then is not applicable. That is why it was necessary to find out the ”real“ solubility. The aqueous solution of pentachlorophenol of given concentration was subsequently put to adsorption with exactly defined quantity of the lignite and as a result the adsorptive isotherms were obtained. These isotherms represent the adsorption capability in dependence on the adsorption duration, quantity of used lignite and concentration of pentachlorophenol solution. By the adsorption with duration longer than one hour, the quantity of adsorbed PCP does not increase markedly.
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Study of utilization of waste material from the food industry for the removal of metals from waste waters
Křikala, Jakub ; Obruča, Stanislav (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
In this bachelor thesis is discussed the potential use of the marc from the wine production for the removal of metals from wastewaters. Marc containing stems, peels and seeds without any prior chemical treatment were homogenized and rinsed with distilled water to remove soluble impurities. IR spectrometry was used for characterization of the major functional groups responsible for the adsorption of metal ions. The experimental part of this work consisted of the assessment of the optional pH value for adsorption of copper and the maximum adsorption capacity of the used material in column and batch method. The results show that the optional pH values for adsorption of copper were in the range pH 3 – 4. Maximum adsorption capacity were calculated form adsorption isotherms by applying the Langmuir model and found to be 0,260 4 mg/g Cu at a column method and 1,246 2 mg/g Cu after 30 minutes the batch adsorption method. Further, it was experimentally demonstrated that the adsorption of copper in addition to the pH depends also on the initial copper concentration in the solution, contact time and other parameters whose optimization would achieve greater adsorption capacity of the referred material. The results indicate that the marc from the wine production have good potential form removing metals from wastewaters by adsorption.
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Utilization of waste from the food industry for wastewater treatment
Nedvědická, Lucie ; Obruča, Stanislav (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
This bachelor thesis disserts about options and issues how to utilize waste from the food industry for wastewater treatment contaminated with heavy metals. The theoretical part describes the general characteristics of heavy metals, as well as the permissible and limit values of these heavy metals in waste water. Furthermore, it is described in this document which chemical methods can be used in order to remove heavy metals from wastewater. This thesis also deals with methods how to analyze the adsorbed amount of sorbed substance, means by using AAS, AFS, AES, MS and ICP – OES methods. At the end of the theoretical part, the issues of the different wastes from the food industry are dealing with and their adsorption ability. In the experimental section it was investigated the tea waste utilization in order to eliminate copper ions from waste water. It has been tested mainly the effect of pH on the adsorption of copper onto tea waste and maximum possible adsorption capacity onto tea waste. The pH optimum for the sorption of cooper from solution onto tea waste was within range 5-6 and the maximum possible adsorption capacity 0,0336 mmol•g-1 was determined. The results indicate that the tea waste could be used as a suitable adsorbent for the purification of waste water, mainly due to good availability, low cost and good adsorption ability of heavy metals.
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Advanced removal methods of matter difficult to coagulate during drinking water treatment
Sichrová, Kateřina
Nowadays, drinking water treatment (DWT) is becoming more and more challenging due to the increasing anthropogenic pollution as well as due to the impacts of climate change. Water sources commonly comprise a cocktail of undesirable substances, the removal of which by the conventional DWT process based on coagulation/flocculation is often insufficient. This dissertation deals with advanced removal methods, particularly adsorption, usable for difficult to coagulate substances during DWT. Particular emphasis is placed on removing manganese, algal organic matter (AOM), and per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Additionally, in the case of emerging anthropogenic pollutants, attention was also paid to their occurrence and interactions in water. As part of the research, a new TiO2-based adsorbent was synthesized for Mn2+ removal. Since the prepared adsorbent showed high Mn2+ removal efficiency in a much wider range of pH values compared to the conventional demanganization method, which requires very high pH values, it could serve as a suitable alternative demanganization method. Regarding the removal of AOM, the influence of solution properties on its adsorption onto different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) was thoroughly investigated. It was found that the efficiency of AOM...
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Advanced removal methods of matter difficult to coagulate during drinking water treatment
Fialová, Kateřina ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Mašín, Pavel (referee) ; Brányik, Tomáš (referee)
Nowadays, drinking water treatment (DWT) is becoming more and more challenging due to the increasing anthropogenic pollution as well as due to the impacts of climate change. Water sources commonly comprise a cocktail of undesirable substances, the removal of which by the conventional DWT process based on coagulation/flocculation is often insufficient. This dissertation deals with advanced removal methods, particularly adsorption, usable for difficult to coagulate substances during DWT. Particular emphasis is placed on removing manganese, algal organic matter (AOM), and per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Additionally, in the case of emerging anthropogenic pollutants, attention was also paid to their occurrence and interactions in water. As part of the research, a new TiO2-based adsorbent was synthesized for Mn2+ removal. Since the prepared adsorbent showed high Mn2+ removal efficiency in a much wider range of pH values compared to the conventional demanganization method, which requires very high pH values, it could serve as a suitable alternative demanganization method. Regarding the removal of AOM, the influence of solution properties on its adsorption onto different types of granular activated carbon (GAC) was thoroughly investigated. It was found that the efficiency of AOM...
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Study of redox and adsorption features of bile acids on hanging mercury drop electrode
Yershova, Polina ; Schwarzová, Karolina (advisor) ; Gajdár, Július (referee)
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol metabolism and are important biological surfactants. The curved shape of their chains allows the cyclization of molecules, and the formation of a supramolecular structure. The goal of this thesis was to study the electrochemical and adsorption behavior of selected bile acids: lithocholic, deoxycholic and cholic acids. The measurements were carried out in the medium Brittonův-Robinson buffer:methanol in the ratio 9:1 using cyclic voltammetry and AC voltammetry methods and measuring the dependence of the differential capacitance Cd on the applied potential E. A hanging mercury drop electrode was used as a working electrode. The measurements showed that bile acids are adsorbed on the surface of the electrode and organizing themselves in self assembled monolayers (SAM). In our case we have observed formation of 2D condensed layers as specific form of SAM. Transfer techniques were used to demonstrate bile acid adsorption. A study of the behavior of lithocholic acid as a function of different pH values showed that only at pH 10.0 to 12.0 2D 2D condensation occurs, i. e. that at pH values in the range of 2.0 to 9.0 it is another type of adsorption. On AC voltammograms, there are a maximum of two areas in which peaks occur: the first is around -0.2 V and the...
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Water treatment efficiency using granular activated carbon
Poděbradská, Tereza ; Biela, Renata (referee) ; Kučera, Tomáš (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with the use of activated carbon in drinking water treatment, especially in removing pesticide substances. The thesis consists of two parts – a theoretical one and a practical one. In the theoretical part, the issue of activated carbon as a material is analysed, including its most important characteristics for the utilization in the waterworks industry. Furthermore, the adsorption process is described, and the characterization of pesticide substances is carried out, as well as the way they get into water and the possible means of their removal. The practical part describes the laboratory experiment performed to draw a comparison between the efficiency of four different types of activated carbon on removing the relevant metabolite Acetochlor ESA from a water sample.
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Research of the effect of desicants on moisture adsorption
Němec, Mojmír ; Lisá, Hana (referee) ; Elbl, Patrik (advisor)
Desiccants are special materials that can effectively adsorb moisture from the surrounding air or space. Desiccants such as silica gel or molecular sieve are often used in laboratory applications, for example to determine the properties of solid fuels. The introduction of the research section is devoted to the description of these properties. The thesis then describes the methods used to accurately determine the moisture in solid fuels. The main part of the thesis is devoted to desiccators together with desiccants, which form a significant part in the process of determining moisture in solid fuels. The experimental part deals with the investi-gation of the effect of different desiccants on the rate of air moisture depletion in the desic-cator under laboratory conditions. The moisture loss in the desiccator is measured using the SHT4x Smart Gadget, which is placed in the desiccator together with the desiccant. The out-put of the experimental measurements are the moisture uptake rate curves of different desic-cants for desiccant weights of 50 g, 100 g, 150 g, 200 g and 250 g. At the end of the thesis, the measured curves of the different desiccants are compared with each other in terms of efficiency.
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Heavy metals in drinking water sources and possibilities of their removal
Halašta, Tomáš ; Talašová, Lucie (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
This diplomat thesis focuses on heavy metals in drinking water sources and possibilities of their removal. The first part of the work is focused on getting know about heavy metals and their sources. Regarding the issue of heavy metals, their toxicity is essential, which i salso dealt with in this work. The next chapter discusses the possibilities of removing heavy metals from water sources. The second part of the work is dedicated to the experiment, which is focused on the removal of selected heavy metals nickel and cadmium using the removal process of adsorption. GEH and Bayoxide E33 were selected as adsorbent materials. This part of the thesis desribes the procedure of the experiment and its result.
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Upgraded Methodology for Process Intensification in Natural Gas Dehydration
Abdulrahman, Ibrahim ; Jegla, Zdeněk (referee) ; Ditl,, Pavel (referee) ; Máša, Vítězslav (advisor)
Vysoušení zemního plynu, anglicky natural gas dehydration, je zásadní součástí procesu zpracování vytěženého zemního plynu. Klíčová úloha vysoušení spočívá především v podpoře množství a kvality produktu, ale také v prevenci tvorby hydrátů, koroze či nežádoucí vodní kontaminace při transportu plynu. Tento petrochemický proces má všechny předpoklady pro aplikaci tzv. intenzifikace procesů (PI), moderního přístupu z oblasti procesního inženýrství. Jeho intenzifikace je žádoucí z pohledu investičních a provozních nákladů (CAPEX and OPEX), spotřeby energie i produkce nežádoucích emisí. Současné globální požadavky v oblasti ochrany životního prostředí i ochrany zdraví osob umocňují význam těchto snah. V odborné literatuře v posledních letech významně roste zájem o intenzifikovaná zařízení (PI equipment), méně však už o rozvoj metod intenzifikace procesů a jejich aplikaci na komplexnější procesy. Překvapivě málo se také při výzkumu PI využívá počítačové podpory ve formě simulace procesů. Předložená práce představuje novou systematickou metodu pro intenzifikaci procesu vysoušení zemního plynu založenou na počítačové simulaci, která využívá dva hodnotící parametry: jmenovitou spotřebu energie (Rated energy consumption, REC) a předepsaný obsah vody v produkovaném zemním plynu. Spotřeba energie je tvořena přímou spotřebou samotného procesu a entalpickými ztrátami přes hranici procesu. Snižování jmenovité spotřeby energie je klíčovou motivací intenzifikace a současně prostředkem k jejímu hodnocení. Předepsaný obsah vody je klíčovým projekčním a provozním parametrem procesu. Navržená metoda vychází z interakce těchto dvou parametrů. Práce staví na zodpovědném rozlišování mezi intenzifikací konkrétní procesní jednotky a intenzifikací komplexnějšího procesu, který zahrnuje více dílčích jednotek. Využívá přitom efektivní rámec pro implementaci PI v petrochemickém průmyslu, který byl definován autorem práce. Navržená metoda byla aplikována na existující průmyslový provoz zpracovávající vytěžený zemní plyn. Pro analýzu nejčastěji využívané technologie sušení, tzv. triethylenglykolové absorpce (TEG), byl použit výkonný software pro simulaci procesů. Byla provedena citlivostní analýza jmenovité spotřeby energie (Rated energy consumption, REC) této jednotky na změnu tří vybraných proměnných – průtoku triethylenglykolu, teploty v koloně a průtoku stripovacího plynu. Ukázalo se, že tyto proměnné mají obrovský potenciál pro intenzifikaci TEG jednotky. Jejich cílenou změnou je možné snížit jmenovitou spotřebu energie o 11 až 18 %, BTEX emise až o 69 %, emise CO2 až o 37 % a ztráty triethylenglykolu až o 35%, přičemž není negativně ovlivněna předepsaná kvalita produktu. Metoda předpokládá postupné provozní zásahy do procesu a nevyužívá technologických změn. Navržené úpravy jsou proto velmi dobře využitelné při optimalizaci provozu stávajících jednotek glykolové absorpce i návrhu nových. Navržená systematická metoda byla použita i na další jednotky, které předchází a navazují na glykolovou absorpci. Výsledky potvrzují výše uvedený přínos a významný potenciál PI při snižování spotřeby energie, kterého může být dosaženo v rámci celého procesu vysoušení zemního plynu.
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