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Critical Transmission Sectors of Energy-Water-GHG Nexus
Wang, Xuechao ; Ditl,, Pavel (oponent) ; Nizetic, Prof Sandro (oponent) ; Dr hab. inż. Paweł Ocłoń, prof. PK (oponent) ; Klemeš, Jiří (vedoucí práce)
Water utilisation, energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are crucial indicators and very much related for maintaining or achieving the Environmental and social sustainability. This thesis presents the methodologies have been developed and case studies have been conducted to explore and identify the Water-Energy-GHG Nexus (WEGN) from the supply chain perspective. Three methodologies which are based on the application and integration of the Input-Output (IO) model, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Supply Chain Network (SCN) are proposed, for analysing and designing the WEGN network, while also addressing challenges that have previously prevented practical implementation. The applicability of these methodologies is demonstrated by three comprehensive case studies focused on the sectoral environmental efficiency, regional environmental efficiency and critical transmissions of WEGN. My contributions to the field include: i. Novel IO based assessment tool for identifying regional environmental efficiency in terms of WEGN, especially for the regions that are closely connected by interregional trade. ii. Sophisticated Integrating the GIS and IO methodologies (GIS-IO) to reveal and map WEGN network, tracking the critical inter-regional and -sectoral WEGN flows, clarifying the regional, sectoral and worldwide patterns of WEGN network, and identifying the associated benefits for different regions. iii. Efficient IO and SCN based assessment approach (IO-SCN) for quantifying the sectoral WEGN coefficients. The proposed methodologies, with the support of a set of comprehensive underlying equations, transform the complicated WEGN network identification and analysis challenges into an easily understandable format, from which arises robust solutions for improving environmental sustainability assessment and mitigating environmental pressures. As an example in one of the case studies, the results run by the novel approach of GIS-IO reveals that apparent disparities between different countries within EU27, different sectors, as well in the EU27 as a block of nations compared and the rest of the world. The EU27 countries contributed 1.4 Gt less CO2 emissions, 64.5 Gm3 less water utilisation and 4.9×104 PJ less energy consumption, compared to the rest of the world, while generating the equivalent economic output. This has a dramatic effect on the global environment. Germany, France and Italy benefited most in the CWE network in the EU27. We recommend that the EU27 provide more technical support to upstream countries to improve the efficiency of resource utilisation.
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Integrated Approach of Intelligent Asset Maintenance and Resource Conservation for Circular Economy
Chin, Hon Huin ; Ditl, Pavel (oponent) ; Hanika, Jiří (oponent) ; Kravanja, Zdravko (oponent) ; Klemeš, Jiří (vedoucí práce)
The rapid global industrialisation and urbanisation have placed heavy burdens on natural material resources consumption. For example, water scarcity and water pollution have been affecting human lives and economic developments for a long time, and resorting to clean fresh water has been becoming an important issue. The increasing irregular water supply and water pollution issues require more advanced water resources assessment methodologies to guide practical water use and management. Another well-known issue is the plastic waste accumulation in the option, which raises an alarming concern in achieving the optimal resources conservation network, striving towards the goal of Circular Economy. The Circular Economy concept not only focuses on resources conservation but also highlights the importance of maintaining and preserving the assets’ lifetime. This thesis is focused on developing advanced approaches for resources conservation and asset maintenance This thesis presents the extended analysis of Pinch-based methods in conserving the material resources for an industrial site. The major extensions involve the conceptual analysis on the resource conservation network that involves multiple qualities constraints, headers targeting and synthesis, and Total Site material conservation network synthesis. These methods serve as the graphical user interface for the users to select the preferable design options while ensuring the fresh resources consumptions are minimal. The study also extends the incorporation of different types of resources, such as heat and water, into the conservation network. The management issues such as resources management, subsidies and cost allocations are also studied for the eco-industrial site. Considering the asset’s lifetime prolongation, the long-term planning of a process or industrial site is incorporated in this study covering the assets’ age, depreciation and reliability. Process Integration tools are proposed to plan for the maintenance cost for a time period and workforce scheduling. The study is also extended to more analysis involving standby units and technologies investment for any process. Combining asset performance with resources conservation, the fault diagnosis and prognosis framework is applied to the Total Site/Eco-industrial park asset maintenance planning.
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EXTENDED METHODOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES AND WATER-RELATED ENERGY ASSESSMENT ADDRESSING WATER QUALITY
JIA, Xuexiu ; Ditl,, Pavel (oponent) ; Dr hab. inż. Paweł Ocłoń, prof. PK (oponent) ; Dr. Aoife M. Foley (oponent) ; Varbanov, Petar Sabev (vedoucí práce)
Water issues, especially water scarcity and water pollution, have been affecting human lives and economic developments for a long time. Global climate changes exacerbate the probability and frequency of extreme events such as water scarcity and severe floods. The increasing irregular water supply and water pollution issues require more advanced water resources assessment methodologies to guide practical water use and management. This thesis presents the extended methods for water quantity-quality assessment and water-related energy consumption and emissions. Three major methodologies are proposed based on the Water Footprint concept and Water Pinch Analysis frameworks to assess the quantity and quality impact of water use. These methods are also demonstrated with numerical and empirical case studies targeting regional and industrial water resource assessment and optimisation. In addition, the Water-Energy Nexus is discussed to investigate the water issues from a broader perspective. An initial assessment of the water-related energy and GHG emissions of the seawater desalination industries is carried out. The studies in this thesis convey several contributions to the current water resource assessment methodologies. The proposed Water Availability Footprint made an initial effort to cover the water quality degradation impact into the existing water scarcity assessment frameworks, which was not addressed previously. The second contribution of this work is the proposal of the Quantitative-Qualitative Water Footprint (QQWFP), where a cost-based water footprint is defined and determined with the total cost of water consumption and removing contaminants generated during the water use process. The cost-based water footprint provides results which are more intuitive for water managers and the public and can better guide industrial and regional water use and management. The third contribution is the development of the Water Scarcity Pinch Analysis (WSPA), which applied the Water Pinch Analysis at a macro level for regional water use assessment and optimisation. All three proposed methods determine the water use impact in terms of water quantity and quality, and the QQWFP and WSPA also cover the impact of multiple contaminants. In addition to seeking solutions, this thesis also proposes potential directions for future investigations. Significant potential aspects to be further discussed include 1) a more advanced quantification method of the impact of multiple contaminants, and 2) an implementation and economic feasibility analysis of the WSPA and QQWFP with localised data, which seek a customised solution to regional and industrial water use optimisation.
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Upgraded Methodology for Process Intensification in Natural Gas Dehydration
Abdulrahman, Ibrahim ; Jegla, Zdeněk (oponent) ; Ditl,, Pavel (oponent) ; Máša, Vítězslav (vedoucí práce)
Natural gas dehydration (NGD) is essential in the processing of the associated and non-associated natural gas (NG). Its role is crucial in avoiding the hydraulic slugs, hydrate formation prevention, electrochemical corrosion control, beneficial production, and quality requirement fulfillment. From the perspectives of capital and operational expenses (CAPEX and OPEX), energy consumption, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), the natural gas dehydration (NGD) has all the drivers that support approaching it via the modern process engineering concepts, such as process intensification (PI). The global requests to consider the health and environmental aspects of any development apply further pressure toward this implementation. The literature review reveals a concern with the PI equipment, more than the PI methods and the concepts of the process itself. Furthermore, there is a limited utilization of the computer-aided simulation to serve the PI research. This thesis presents an upgraded methodology for PI in the NGD. The developed method is a systematic simulation-based one that integrates the rated energy consumption (REC) with the dry gas water content specification. The presented method focuses on the mutual relation between the REC as a key driver and evaluation tool of the PI, and the water content specification which is the key input for NGD design. The REC is formulated of two components, process or equipment energy consumption, and enthalpy loss by venting. A combination of two methods is used to formulate the upgraded methodology, • a systematic method that recognizes unit intensification and extended process intensification. • a concise framework for PI implementation in the O&G proposed originally by the author. The established simulation-based method used a powerful process simulator to simulate an absorption-based dehydration unit as a case study for an existing gas plant. The studied dehydration unit uses triethylene glycol (TEG) as a solvent. A sensitivity analysis of the unit independent variables’ impacts on the PI approach is done. The method defines three scenarios to effectively intensify the process in the core unit (TEG), (1) the TEG circulation, (2) stripping gas flow rate, and (3) regeneration reboiler temperature. The defined scenarios can reduce the REC by 11%-18%, BTEX emissions up to 69%, CO2-(process) up to 37%, and TEG loss reduction of about 35%, without compromising the product specification. Due to no CAPEX impacts, these scenarios are valid for both, future design, and current TEG units in operation. Furthermore, the proposed systematic method was also implemented for the upstream and downstream adjacent units. The output indicated the potential PI in terms of REC that could be achieved over the entire process. Moreover, the same method can be used for approaching the PI in any other process by incorporating the specific independent variables of the studied process.
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Integrated Approach of Intelligent Asset Maintenance and Resource Conservation for Circular Economy
Chin, Hon Huin ; Ditl, Pavel (oponent) ; Hanika, Jiří (oponent) ; Kravanja, Zdravko (oponent) ; Klemeš, Jiří (vedoucí práce)
The rapid global industrialisation and urbanisation have placed heavy burdens on natural material resources consumption. For example, water scarcity and water pollution have been affecting human lives and economic developments for a long time, and resorting to clean fresh water has been becoming an important issue. The increasing irregular water supply and water pollution issues require more advanced water resources assessment methodologies to guide practical water use and management. Another well-known issue is the plastic waste accumulation in the option, which raises an alarming concern in achieving the optimal resources conservation network, striving towards the goal of Circular Economy. The Circular Economy concept not only focuses on resources conservation but also highlights the importance of maintaining and preserving the assets’ lifetime. This thesis is focused on developing advanced approaches for resources conservation and asset maintenance This thesis presents the extended analysis of Pinch-based methods in conserving the material resources for an industrial site. The major extensions involve the conceptual analysis on the resource conservation network that involves multiple qualities constraints, headers targeting and synthesis, and Total Site material conservation network synthesis. These methods serve as the graphical user interface for the users to select the preferable design options while ensuring the fresh resources consumptions are minimal. The study also extends the incorporation of different types of resources, such as heat and water, into the conservation network. The management issues such as resources management, subsidies and cost allocations are also studied for the eco-industrial site. Considering the asset’s lifetime prolongation, the long-term planning of a process or industrial site is incorporated in this study covering the assets’ age, depreciation and reliability. Process Integration tools are proposed to plan for the maintenance cost for a time period and workforce scheduling. The study is also extended to more analysis involving standby units and technologies investment for any process. Combining asset performance with resources conservation, the fault diagnosis and prognosis framework is applied to the Total Site/Eco-industrial park asset maintenance planning.
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Critical Transmission Sectors of Energy-Water-GHG Nexus
Wang, Xuechao ; Ditl,, Pavel (oponent) ; Nizetic, Prof Sandro (oponent) ; Dr hab. inż. Paweł Ocłoń, prof. PK (oponent) ; Klemeš, Jiří (vedoucí práce)
Water utilisation, energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions are crucial indicators and very much related for maintaining or achieving the Environmental and social sustainability. This thesis presents the methodologies have been developed and case studies have been conducted to explore and identify the Water-Energy-GHG Nexus (WEGN) from the supply chain perspective. Three methodologies which are based on the application and integration of the Input-Output (IO) model, Geographic Information System (GIS) and Supply Chain Network (SCN) are proposed, for analysing and designing the WEGN network, while also addressing challenges that have previously prevented practical implementation. The applicability of these methodologies is demonstrated by three comprehensive case studies focused on the sectoral environmental efficiency, regional environmental efficiency and critical transmissions of WEGN. My contributions to the field include: i. Novel IO based assessment tool for identifying regional environmental efficiency in terms of WEGN, especially for the regions that are closely connected by interregional trade. ii. Sophisticated Integrating the GIS and IO methodologies (GIS-IO) to reveal and map WEGN network, tracking the critical inter-regional and -sectoral WEGN flows, clarifying the regional, sectoral and worldwide patterns of WEGN network, and identifying the associated benefits for different regions. iii. Efficient IO and SCN based assessment approach (IO-SCN) for quantifying the sectoral WEGN coefficients. The proposed methodologies, with the support of a set of comprehensive underlying equations, transform the complicated WEGN network identification and analysis challenges into an easily understandable format, from which arises robust solutions for improving environmental sustainability assessment and mitigating environmental pressures. As an example in one of the case studies, the results run by the novel approach of GIS-IO reveals that apparent disparities between different countries within EU27, different sectors, as well in the EU27 as a block of nations compared and the rest of the world. The EU27 countries contributed 1.4 Gt less CO2 emissions, 64.5 Gm3 less water utilisation and 4.9×104 PJ less energy consumption, compared to the rest of the world, while generating the equivalent economic output. This has a dramatic effect on the global environment. Germany, France and Italy benefited most in the CWE network in the EU27. We recommend that the EU27 provide more technical support to upstream countries to improve the efficiency of resource utilisation.
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EXTENDED METHODOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES AND WATER-RELATED ENERGY ASSESSMENT ADDRESSING WATER QUALITY
JIA, Xuexiu ; Ditl,, Pavel (oponent) ; Dr hab. inż. Paweł Ocłoń, prof. PK (oponent) ; Dr. Aoife M. Foley (oponent) ; Varbanov, Petar Sabev (vedoucí práce)
Water issues, especially water scarcity and water pollution, have been affecting human lives and economic developments for a long time. Global climate changes exacerbate the probability and frequency of extreme events such as water scarcity and severe floods. The increasing irregular water supply and water pollution issues require more advanced water resources assessment methodologies to guide practical water use and management. This thesis presents the extended methods for water quantity-quality assessment and water-related energy consumption and emissions. Three major methodologies are proposed based on the Water Footprint concept and Water Pinch Analysis frameworks to assess the quantity and quality impact of water use. These methods are also demonstrated with numerical and empirical case studies targeting regional and industrial water resource assessment and optimisation. In addition, the Water-Energy Nexus is discussed to investigate the water issues from a broader perspective. An initial assessment of the water-related energy and GHG emissions of the seawater desalination industries is carried out. The studies in this thesis convey several contributions to the current water resource assessment methodologies. The proposed Water Availability Footprint made an initial effort to cover the water quality degradation impact into the existing water scarcity assessment frameworks, which was not addressed previously. The second contribution of this work is the proposal of the Quantitative-Qualitative Water Footprint (QQWFP), where a cost-based water footprint is defined and determined with the total cost of water consumption and removing contaminants generated during the water use process. The cost-based water footprint provides results which are more intuitive for water managers and the public and can better guide industrial and regional water use and management. The third contribution is the development of the Water Scarcity Pinch Analysis (WSPA), which applied the Water Pinch Analysis at a macro level for regional water use assessment and optimisation. All three proposed methods determine the water use impact in terms of water quantity and quality, and the QQWFP and WSPA also cover the impact of multiple contaminants. In addition to seeking solutions, this thesis also proposes potential directions for future investigations. Significant potential aspects to be further discussed include 1) a more advanced quantification method of the impact of multiple contaminants, and 2) an implementation and economic feasibility analysis of the WSPA and QQWFP with localised data, which seek a customised solution to regional and industrial water use optimisation.
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