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Homosexuality in the Praxis and Discourse of Penal Law, Medicine and Civic Society from the Adoption of the 1852 Penal Code to the Adoption of the 1961 Penal Code
Seidl, Jan ; Putna, Martin (advisor) ; Sokolová, Věra (referee) ; Nečasová, Denisa (referee)
This thesis deals with changes in conceptions of homosexuality and homosexual subculture as of something basically different, as they developed from the second third of the 19th century to the second half of the 20th century among Czech lawyers and physicians, as well as with changes of self-conceptualization of the Czech homosexual subculture itself, having occurred in the same time interval. It focuses mainly on attitudes and efforts of those who aimed at contributing to social emancipation of this subculture or - in times of increased persecution of homosexuality during the Nazi occupation - on the impossibility to carry on such efforts. The thesis is divided in five parts - in the first one, the legal context which provoked the emancipation efforts in times of the 1852 Penal Code being in force (i.e. until 1950) is explained; the next four parts focus on these efforts separately in four distinct periods. Thus, the second part deals with the expansion of the modern concept of homosexual identity in the Czech lands before WWI, the third part deals with sexual reform efforts by liberal lawyers and physicians as well as on emancipatory and political efforts by the homosexual community itself in the democratic First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938), aiming at decriminalization of homosexual acts,...
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Euthanasia and its legislation
Mika, Daniel ; Císařová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Sovová, Olga (referee)
The aim of this thesis is the analysis of domestic legislation affecting euthanasia and analysis of such adjustments abroad. The author questions the appropriateness of such adjustments in the Czech Republic. The current legal regulation does not regulate euthanasia in any way, and so the adoption of such regulation is appropriate. Domestic experts criticize this fact for a long time. In the first part the author deals with the most comprehensive definition of the subject of euthanasia and its development abroad and, particularly, in the Czech Republic. Other parts, using the historical-empirical methods, deal with the legal arrangements and their analysis in the Benelux countries, where the euthanasia is legal under certain given conditions. They describe not only the current treatment, but also the path that led to it. In the last section the author assesses the non-legal aspects of euthanasia and outlines two basic directions, which the domestic legislation could take in the future.
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Alternatives to unconditional imprisonment
Hrstka, Josef ; Tlapák Navrátilová, Jana (advisor) ; Říha, Jiří (referee)
Josef Hrstka: Alternatives to unconditional imprisonment Abstract The main purpose of this thesis called "Alternatives to unconditional imprisonment" lies in the evaluation of the current alternatives to unconditional imprisonment in the Czech penal law focusing mostly on the substantive aspects of alternative punishments in the narrower conception. Author tried to present proposals based on studying literature, laws, judicial decisions and comparison with foreign legislations, which could lead to improving Czech legal regulation in this area. The thesis is composed of 8 chapters. In the introductory chapter readers are informed about content of the thesis, purpose of the thesis and methods used. Next three chapters deal with topics related to the purpose and functions of punishment, the benefits of alternatives to imprisonment and factors, which counteract against the efforts to reduce prison population. Author deemed necessary to analyze purpose of punishment, before he examined specific alternatives. Author tried to show that some conception of the purpose of punishment supports the use of alternatives to imprisonment, but attention must be also paid to social and economic conditions of offenders. He pointed out that the economic advantages of alternatives must be taken only as a supportive argument not...
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The application of legal standards in materials engineering
Večeřa, Petr ; Pantělejev, Libor (referee) ; Pavloušková, Zina (advisor)
The thesis describes points where the basic universal prescriptive system of law interferes with the questions of materials engineering. The main part of the thesis concerns legal liabilities, mainly civil liability represented with liability for defects. Basic analysis of chosen topics concerning liability for defects is done, defects are divided into groups as far as both technical and legal point of view is concerned. Consequently, the most common methods, principles and tests used for recognition and assessment of materials characteristics, both destructive and non-destructive, are described. Chapter, which deals with degradation processes follows. Integral part of the thesis are thoughts of possible types of legal liabilities, which could be important for materials engineers, with basic recommendations for contracting, as well as chosen problems connected with judicial proceedings and out of court settling of disputes. Technical standards are described with high attention, because both technical and legal public is not familiar with the legal background of technical normalisation.
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State assistance to victims of violent crime in selected countries: Study 5.028
Tetourová, Eva
Pomoc obětem trestných činů od státu vychází z principu ochrany práv a oprávněných zájmů osob, které se staly oběťmi trestného činu a v souvislosti s ním utrpěly újmu. Tato pomoc předpokládá vytvoření systému, na základě kterého by stát za splnění určitých podmínek kompenzoval škodu, která těmto osobám vznikla. Ve většině států má však tato pomoc spíše subsidiární charakter. V prvé řadě by to tedy měl být pachatel trestného činu, kdo nahradí oběti vzniklou škodu a poskytne oběti určitou kompenzaci za to, co jí způsobil. V řadě případů však náhrada škody od pachatele není možná a na jeho místo tak nastupuje stát.
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Legal regulation of administrative delicts in selected European countries, with a focus on offenses against public order, civil co-existence and against property: Study 5.323
Babka, Tomáš ; Kavěna, Martin ; Mylková, Petra ; Němec, Jan ; Pohl, Michal ; Syllová, Jindřiška ; Tetourová, Eva
Práce se zabývá problematikou právní úpravy přestupků ve vybraných zemích Evropy, přičemž zvláštní důraz je věnován přestupkům v oblasti veřejného pořádku, občanského soužití a majetku. Práce se zaměřuje především na sankce udělované za tato protiprávní jednání a na postupy uplatňované, jestliže pachatel dobrovolně neplní uložené sankce. Mimo jiné se text zabývá také vymezením subjektů příslušných k projednávání takto spáchaných přestupků a postupů, které mohou být uplatněny, jestliže pachatel jedná při spáchání přestupku recidivně. Součástí této práce je také zodpovězení otázky, zda právní řády vybraných zemí umožňují postihovat dávky sociální povahy v případě nesplnění sankcí uložených za spáchaný přestupek.
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Legal regulation of whistleblowing and the protection of whistleblowers in selected countries: Study 5.332
Kavěna, Martin ; Mylková, Petra ; Blížkovský, Radek ; Pelíšková, Dana
Informační podklad vychází z pojmu „whistleblowing“, který je využíván v odborné literatuře i Evropskou unii za účelem popisu situace, kdy jednotlivec poskytne nebo zveřejní informaci o tom, že dochází protiprávní či jiné (např. neetické) činnosti. Právní úprava whistleblowingu pak označuje soubor právních norem, které dopadají na takto popsanou situaci – od právní úpravy, která předepisuje způsob oznamování takových informací, až po ochranu oznamovatele (ochrana oznamovatele jako svědka, ochrana v pracovněprávních vztazích) nebo případnou odměnu pro oznamovatele. Informační podklad poskytuje přehled právní úpravy ve vybraných zemích (ČR, Irsko, Maďarsko, Nový Zéland, Slovinsko, Spojené Království, USA, SRN, Rumunsko) a dále přehled vybraných relevantních mezinárodněprávních dokumentů přijatých na půdě OSN a Rady Evropy.
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Mediation and Probation service in the Czech Republic - The Enforcement of Community service
ADAMCOVÁ, Renata
The topic of the thesis is one of the most used alternative punishments in the Czech Republic, the community service punishment. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the development of sentencing of this kind since its implementation to legal order of the Czech Republic, with the focus on the structure of an offender, who is imposed the sentence on, and the effectiveness of this punishment execution. Further the aim is to find out the evaluation of prepared legislative changes regarding this punishment by the workers of Probation and Mediation Service in the Czech Republic. Theoretical part outlines main thoughts of restorative justice, from which alternative punishment sentencing results. It describes the kinds of alternative punishments used in the Czech Republic; it focuses on the definition of community service punishment and its current legal regulations. It also introduces Probation and Mediation Service in the Czech Republic, first of all its activity within the execution of community service punishment and its realization. Finally, the theoretical part presents forthcoming legislative changes concerning the community service punishment. The practical part is divided into two parts. In the first part the development of sentencing and execution of community service punishment is evaluated by means of the analysis of secondary data. In the second part the workers of Probation and Mediation Service in the Czech Republic were interviewed on the basis of structured dialogues and their evaluation of prepared legislative changes in the sphere of community service punishment was found out. The thesis may serve as a general survey of these problems.
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