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Cereal diseases from sowing to harvest (determination and protection options): Methodology for practice
Slavíková, Lucie ; Chrpová, Jana ; Palicová, Jana ; Hanzalová, Alena ; Dumalasová, Veronika ; Ripl, Jan ; Jarošová, Jana ; Kumar, Jiban
The fungal and virus diseases are still very actual topics due to the high proportion of cereals in crop rotation and large cultivated area. The cereal crops often decimated by fungal diseases like eyespot, powdery mildew, smuts, rusts, Fusarium head blight and brown leaf spot diseases. The virus diseases include Barley yellow dwarf virus – BYDV, Wheat dwarf virus – WDV and Wheat streak mosaic virus – WSMV are also very important due to the epidemic incidence in some years. This methodology summarizes the current knowledge of these fungal and virus diseases, focuses on the description, symptoms, occurrence, field and laboratory diagnostics and possibilities of crop protection against these diseases. Individual diseases are ranked in the order of their occurrence in the agroecosystem. The methodology can serve the farming communities and agronomist as a key to identifying the diseases infecting wheat crop.
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Methodics of risk determination of increased BYDV occurrence in winter cereals
Jarošová, Jana ; Bartáková, Pavla ; Broženská, Michaela ; Kumar, Jiban
One of the most important viruses affecting cereals in the Czech Republic is Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). BYDV is transmitted by cereal aphids and intensity of its occurrence varies strongly in individual years. Insecticide application protects the stands against virus transmission. In some years, however, the application of the insecticide is groundless. In this methodology we provide a method for increased BYDV occurrence risk evaluation in the field by sample collection of volunteer plants. The methodology is meant to serve mainly to farmers, agronomists and agricultural advisors.
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Methodics of detection of three cereal viruses (BYDV, WDV, WSMV) by Multiplex TaqMan RT-qPCR
Jarošová, Jana ; Kumar, Jiban
The family Poaceae is one of the most important groups of plants in the terms of agricultural production. The family Poaceae also hosts many pathogens including >100 known virus species. The three most important viruses affecting cereals in the Czech Republic are Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) and Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). In this methodology we provide an assay for multiplex detection and quantification of those viruses by TaqMan RT-qPCR. The methodology is meant to serve scientific workers as well as the employees of state laboratories as a tool for individual virus occurrence monitoring in the Czech Republic.
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Methodology of risk assessment of increased incidence of BYDV in winter cereals
Jarošová, Jana ; Bartáková, Pavla ; Broženská, Michaela ; Kumar, Jiban
One of the most important viruses affecting cereals in the Czech Republic is Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). BYDV is transmitted by cereal aphids and intensity of its occurrence varies strongly in individual years. Insecticide application protects the stands against virus transmission. In some years, however, the application of the insecticide is groundless. In this methodology we provide a method for increased BYDV occurrence risk evaluation in the field by sample collection of volunteer plants. The methodology is meant to serve mainly to farmers, agronomists and agricultural advisors.
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The cereals growing in integrated farming system
MAREK, Jiří
The main aim of this final work is to summarize the pieces of knowledge about growing cereals in the integrated system of farming and the efficient protection against damaging factors. Diseases caused up by various pathogens are demonstrated with rising intensity and damaging plants by pests increases due to influence of the set of unfavourable agents (change of climate conditions, the way of processing the land, decrease of variety of sowing methods etc.).
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Teorie a konstrukce mlátících ústrojí sklízecích mlatiček
Remeš, Jan
The thesis describes the history and the history of threshing grain combine harvesters. The paper describes the types of threshing unit. They are given energy indicators, the main technical data threshing system and their calculation. The paper gives an overview of the performance categories, sales, capital costs, operating costs and on the percentage of combine harvesters on the market today. The following describes the structure threshing device manufacturers marks Case, Claas, John Deere and New Holland, and there is shown a graphical comparison of their technical parameters. The work describes the mass flow threshing mechanism. Theoretical calculation is expressed by the dependence of flow quantity on the length of the threshing drum and then compared with the actual measured values.
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The Quality of soil AND DEGRADATION OF SOILS. THE CASE - STUDY OF SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Poništiak, Štefan ; Šefrna, Luděk (advisor) ; Zádorová, Tereza (referee)
This diploma thesis inquires into the quality of the soils at 30 archaeological sites from the periods from Late Bronze Age to Early Bronze Age (1 250 - 450 BC). The aim of the thesis is to prove the dependence of the ratio of the cultivated cereals on the soil and other environmental factors in various regions. The secondary aim is the general observation of the changes, which could appear from this period until now. These changes are represented by the erosion, researched by various methods. The overview of the literature aims to the short description of the archaeological sources from the period, various approaches to the soil evaluation until present as well as information about the soil erosion and tools for its research. The conclusion of the thesis is that the ratio of the cultivated cereals depends mostly on the sea level, secondly on other environmental factors (included the soil quality). The results of the thesis are influenced by number of factors, discussed in the conclusion Keywords: soil quality, cereals, archaeological sites, perimeter of kilometre, soil erosion, late bronze age, early iron age
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Analysis of weed spectrum in cereals in organic farming
Horáček, Jan ; Kolářová, Michaela (advisor) ; Holec, Josef (referee)
Summary
Organic farming means a chance for plants to reveal their abilities. We offer better conditions to the associated plants for their growth and reproduction by no use of chemical herbicides and by using alternative growing methods.
Organic agrophytocoenoses are significant by higher species richness and cover. There can be found some of endangered species among the weeds, which may be more successful in organic system, therfore the organic type of farming may serve for their protection. The most successful weed species endanger cultural crops on both organic and conventional fields. They become more dangerous without the possibility of herbicide application. Thanks to this, the strategy of each plant species is more important. That is why the question of weed suppression in organic farming is highly important and frequently asked.
The aim of this thesis is to analyse weed flora on organic cereals fields and to point out possible factors influencing them. Braun-Blanquet scale of dominance and abundance has been used for the assessment of weed communities. Several different localities were investigated in Benešov district. Influence of winter cereals, spring cereals, previous crop and the tillage system have been assessed.
Some of the most important weed species were: annual winter weed species in winter cereals, perennials and few annual spring species in spring cereals. Annual weeds were typical for spring cereals sown two years on a one plot, perennials were associated with spring cereals sown after fodder crops. -There were not found any evident differences in weed spectrum in winter cereals based on previous crop. Agrophytocoenosis on fields with conventional and reduced tillage differed. Wider spectrum of perennial species was typical for fields where reduced tillage was applied, differences in annual weed spectrum were also found. Typical species for conventional tillage were for example: marsh woundwort, common couch-grass and common poppy, while, creeping thistle, creeping buttercup, perennial sow-thistle, mugwort, corn chamomile, loose silky-bent and some others were often found on fields where reduced tillage were used.
The results of the analysis in this thesis mostly lead to the same description of weeds as in literature, but few of the results are different. Thanks to statistically decisive results, it is apparent, how a farmer can affect the plant associations over a long period.
Key words: organic farming, weeds, agrophytocoenosis, cereals, weed control, features(characteristic) of weeds.
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