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Lactose intolerance and adding dairy products into the diet
KÁCHOVÁ, Nikola
The bachelor's thesis entitled "Lactose intolerance and the inclusion of dairy products in the diet" is divided into two parts. The theoretical part deals with the issue of lactose intolerance, calcium, discusses the importance of milk and dairy products in the diet and also deals with dietary solutions. The practical part is focused on the general awareness of people diagnosed with lactose intolerance, the inclusion of milk and dairy products in the diet and their evaluation. The aim is to map the inclusion of milk and dairy products in the diet of patients with lactose intolerance and to evaluate whether the diet of patients with lactose intolerance is adequate in terms of energy, macronutrient and calcium intake. The research is carried out using a quantitative method using a questionnaire. I obtained respondents, people diagnosed with lactose intolerance, with the help of doctors and nutrition therapists, but also with me personally during the internships. I also evaluated weekly menu entries using by Nutriservis Professional. From the obtained data, I found out that patients with lactose intolerance include milk and dairy products in the diet sporadically. Their lactose-free variants are included in the diet more often, but the survey found that they prefer plant alternatives to milk and dairy products. The recommended calcium intake was not achieved in selected respondents if they do not supplement calcium. Dietary calcium intake averages 394 mg/day. More than half of the respondents do not achieve the required intake of energy, macronutrients or calcium. This bachelor's thesis can serve as a source of information for patients with lactose intolerance, or for students interested in this issue, professionals and the general public. It points to deficiencies in the diets of patients with lactose intolerance.
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Determination of calcium in food supplements
Hubčuková, Karmelita ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Sobotníková, Jana (referee)
Tato bakalářská práce byla zaměřena na stanovení vápníku ve vybraných potravinových doplňcích s využitím plamenové atomové absorpční spektrometrie. Nejdříve byla prováděna optimalizace podmínek s využitím plamene acetylen-vzduch a následně s využitím plamene acetylen-oxid dusný. Optimalizovanými parametry byla výška paprsku nad hranou hořáku, horizontální poloha hořáku, šířka absorpčního prostředí, průtoková rychlost acetylenu a oxidu dusného. Byla sestrojena kalibrační závislost stanovení vápenatých iontů a odpovídající meze detekce a stanovitelnosti. Následně byly vybrané vzorky potravinových doplňků několika způsoby převedeny do roztoku. Vyzkoušeno bylo rozpouštění v deionizované vodě, rozpouštění v koncentrované kyselině dusičné a rozklad pomocí mikrovlnného tlakového zařízení. Experimentálně bylo stanoveno množství vápníku v potravinových doplňcích, které bylo porovnáváno s údaji uvedenými od výrobce. Správnost měření byla ověřena analýzou referenčního materiálu.
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Determination of calcium and magnesium in honey samples by atomic absorption spectrometry
Čudová, Andrea ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Šíma, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focus on the determination of calcium and magnesium in selected honey samples. Determination is performed by atomic absorption spectrometry with a flame atomization technique (F-AAS) by using an acetylene-air flame. The first part of the bachelor thesis is devoted to finding the optimal conditions of the method for further measurement of individual honey samples. These parameters are beam height above the burner edge and acetylene flow rate. Then, under these optimal conditions, the basic characteristics of calcium and magnesium determination (repeatability, sensitivity, limit of detection and limit of quatification) were found. In the second part of this bachelor thesis, the calcium and magnesium determination are performed in the honey samples. A total of 15 honey samples are analysed. The honey samples are prepared by local beekeepers from Czech Republic and retail chains (Tesco). The measured values are recorded in tables and statistically evaluated. The determined calcium concentrations range is 7.11 - 66.8 µg/g, for magnesium to 8.79 - 92.2 µg/g. Finally, the values obtained for honeys from the Czech Republic are compared with data reported in foreign studies. Key words: Atomic absorption spectrometry, flame atomization, magnesium, calcium, honey
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The toxicity of vitamin D
Drouliskou, Eleftheria ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Janoušek, Jiří (referee)
Vitamin D has essential role in skeletal health, however studies over the recent years have outlined its implication in many other physiological functions. The importance of vitamin D for health has, on one hand, raised needs for supplementation but may, on the other hand, lead to excessive administration. Vitamin D toxicity or hypervitaminosis D due to excess of vitamin D is a medical condition manifested mainly as hypercalcemia, with mostly gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Long-term administration of large doses of vitamin D can result in vascular calcification and hence by associated with a cardiovascular risk. Hypervitaminosis D is extremely rare likely due to high therapeutic index of vitamin D. The clinical research shows an administration of 10.000 IU/day of vitamin D, which meets the criteria for the tolerable upper intake level, even for extended period, is probably not associated with adverse effects in almost all individuals in general population. However there are case studies globally showing vitamin D toxicity can occur due to misuse of over-the-counter vitamin D supplements, inappropriate prescribing or uncontrolled administration of high dose unlicensed preparations.
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Gravitropism mechanisms in single-celled organs and multicellular organs of plants
Nehasilová, Martina ; Fendrych, Matyáš (advisor) ; Kurtović, Katarina (referee)
Plants react to various environmental stimuli by oriented growth. The growth responses are called tropisms. Gravitropism is a directed growth concerning the gravity vector. Plant shoots grow up, negatively gravitropically, to catch the light. Roots are positively gravitropic; they grow down to anchor the plant in the substrate and seek water and minerals. The process of gravitropism consists of three stages: signal perception, signal transmission, and growth response. These stages can all occur in a single cell or separately in different parts of a multicellular organ. Single-cell gravitropic systems are represented by algal rhizoids or moss protonemata. They need minimal signal transmission because gravity vector perception and growth response happen in the same cell. The multicellular systems, represented here by angiosperm roots, have a more robust signal transmission phase. This thesis compares mechanisms of plant gravitropism based on the two categories - single-cell vs. multicellular. Despite their different cellular arrangements, single-cell and multicellular gravitropism share several characteristics, such as statolith sedimentation, Ca2+ fluxes, pH changes, and altered vesicular trafficking. Still, the lack of knowledge about the single-cell systems and high inner variability within the...
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Neurosteroid effects on intracellular calcium and excitotoxicity
Naimová, Žaneta ; Smejkalová, Terézia (advisor) ; Adámek, Pavel (referee)
NMDA receptors belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and are involved in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. However, overactivation by the agonist glutamate can lead to neuronal death - excitotoxicity. Exitotoxicity is a result of excessive calcium influx into the cell through NMDA receptors, and is associated with many cental nervous system (CNS) diseases. Neurosteroids are endogenous compounds capable of NMDA receptor modulation, thus they may have pharmacological potential in the treatment of CNS disorders. The aim of this work was to investigate how pregnanolone sulfate (PA-S) and pregnanolone hemipimelate (PA-hPim) influence somatic calcium and excitotoxicity. We used fluorescence microscopy for recording changes in somatic calcium concentration. We observed that PA-S had no influence on relative somatic calcium concentration. Synthetic analog PA-hPim increased somatic calcium levels slightly. Next, we used oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro to study the influence of neurosteroids on excitotoxicity. Both PA-S and PA-hPim were neuroprotective in the model of acute OGD in vitro. Moreover, PA-S or PA-hPim pretreatment induced ischemic tolerance to a subsequent OGD episode. Our results suggest that neurosteroids PA-S and PA-hPim are potential candidates for the development...
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Adherence to calcium and vitamin D supplementation in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis
Holcová, Radka ; Vytřísalová, Magda (advisor) ; Fuksa, Leoš (referee)
Adherence to calcium and vitamin D supplementation in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis Author: Radka Holcová Supervisor: Magda Vytřísalová Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Introduction: The insufficient medication adherence is a very frequent problem with chronic asymptomatic diseases as osteoporosis which significantly influences the treatment outcome. The successful osteoporosis therapy is based on adequate supply of calcium and vitamin D. A lot of studies are focused on the adherence to antiresorptive treatment but the adherence to supplementation therapy is rarely evaluated. Aims: The aim of the study was to evaluate the adherence to calcium and vitamin D supplementation in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Methods: The adherence was evaluated using two different methods: self-reported questionnaire and the electronic monitoring by bottles type Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS). This partial analysis of a multicentre study includes and assesses data from Osteocentre in Pardubice Regional Hospital. Results: The analysis was performed with 15 women (the average age of 73). The patients were treated with Caltrate 600 mg/400 IU D3 once a day for three months. The adherence during the entire period...
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Application of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Determination of Selected Elements from Potential Ecological Burden Area
Juránková, Lada ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Šíma, Jan (referee)
This work is focused on the determination of selected (chemical) elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Na, K, Mg a Ca) in a potential ecological burden area using flame atomic absorption spectrometry as a detection technique. A potential ecological burden is represented by tires which are used as a construction material or as an environment surrounding for growing decorative and consumable plants. Analytes were determined in plant origin samples. Firstly, the samples were dried in a laboratory electric dryer. The weighted amount of a dried sample (approximately 0.2 g) was digested inside a microwave decomposition device with an addition of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. An optimization of experimental parameters was done for each of the elements before sample measuring. A burner height was optimized and 8 mm height was chosen as a optimum for most elements. Under the optimum condition basic characteristics were measured for each element separately. These characteristics included limits of detection that were: 0.05; 0.01; 0.08; 0.21; 0.02; 0.01; 0.01; 0.01 mg L-1 for the following elements: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, K, Ca, Mg and Na, respectively. The limits of quantification, sensitivity and repeatability were determined for each element as well. A significant attention was paid to the content of zinc in the studied...
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The effect of acute cold and permanent light to left ventricular of the rat heart
Vítková, Ivana ; Žurmanová, Jitka (advisor) ; Bendová, Zdeňka (referee)
Acute cold exposure increases the risk of sudden cardiac events, similarly exposure to constant light negatively affects the cardiovascular system. However, the individual effects of these factors and the effect of their combination on cardiomyocytes are not yet known. The thesis deals with the influence of a 3 day cold exposure and constant light on the expression of β-adrenergic receptors and associated G-proteins in association with apoptotic signals in the left ventricle of the Wistar rat heart. In this work apoptotic proteins BAX, BCL2, caspase 8 and important components of β-adrenergic signalization - β1, β2, G-proteins, Gas, Gi1/2 and Gi3 were determined. The relative expression of the proteins was analyzed by Western blotting. The results confirm the detrimental effect of cold and light exposure. However, the synergistic effect of these two stressors shows surprising results.
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