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Comparison of Diffusion Coefficients in Initial Stages of Mutual Diffusion in Layered Structures Carbon/Ferrite and Carbon/Austenite for Chosen Alloys
Čermák, Jiří ; Král, Lubomír
Coefficients of mutual carbon diffusion were measured at initial stages of diffusion for surface thin layer of carbon/ferrite and carbon surface layer/austenite. The aim of the study was to compare the diffusion characteristics obtained at the present strongly non-equilibrium case with those known for carbon mutual diffusion in cases where the carbon concentration does not exceed the solubility limit in the respective substrate. The second goal was to judge, whether the carbon diffusivity is determined by the structure of the substrate matrix (BCC or FCC). As examples of ferrite substrate, pure Fe and chromium steel P91 were chosen, as an example of austenite substrate, AISI316 was taken. It was obtained that – similar to nearequilibrium case – the carbon diffusion measured close to interface C/austenite is significantly lower compared to carbon diffusion near the C/ferrite. Values of carbon diffusion coefficients in cases C/Fe and C/P91 are close one to another. All carbon diffusion coefficients are much lower than those, reported for near-equilibrium conditions; they approach values measured in carbides.
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Mikrostruktura a tvrdost TiB2
Halasová, Martina ; Bača, L. ; Šajgalík, P. ; Chlup, Zdeněk ; Dlouhý, Ivo
MOKROSTRUKTURA A TVRDOST TIB2 TiB2 je v čisté formě extrémně tvrdý materiál s vysokým bodem tání. Tyto vlastnosti jej předurčují k využití např. jako pancíř, otěruvzdorná součást nebo jako trysky motorů. Jeho křehkost lze snížit pomocí různých dopantů. Tento příspěvek pojednává o TiB2 s dopanty Ta a Ni v různých poměrech. K pozorování mikrostruktury byly použity SEM a Vickersova tvrdost byla vypočtena z úhlopříček vtisků. V grafu jsou pro srovnání i hodnoty získané přímo univerzálním tvrdoměrem.
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Proceedings of the 16th International colloquium Mechanical Fatigue of Materials
Polák, Jaroslav ; Kruml, Tomáš ; Man, Jiří
The XVI International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals was organized by the Institute of Physics of Materials, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Brno, in September 24-26, 2012. The Colloquium has been opened to participants from all countries interested in the subject of fatigue of metallic materials. The proceedings contains 39 abstracts of 35 oral and of 4 poster contributions by 122 authors from 18 countries to be presented during the Colloquium.
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High Temperature Fatigue Behaviour of Third Generation of TiAl Alloys
Obrtlík, Karel ; Kruml, Tomáš
Low cycle fatigue properties of lamellar TiAl with 7.8 at.% Nb were studied at four temperatures: room temperature, 700, 750 and 800 °C. Up to 750 °C, stable cyclic behaviour is observed while cyclic softening is characteristic for 800°C. The strength of the alloy is still high even at 800 °C. The TEM observation did not reveal any substantial changes in the microstructure due to the cycling at RT. At 750 °C, the lamellar structure was in some places destroyed by cyclic plasticity and pure g-phase islands with high density of dislocation debris were formed. At 800 °C, the domains without lamellar structure cover about 10% of inspected volume and are almost dislocation free. The results show that the diffusion processes leading to vanishing of small prizmatic dislocation loops start to operate between 750 and 800 °C. The destruction of lamellar microstructure and annealing of dislocation debris is the reason for cyclic softening at 800 °C.
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Příprava Fe-Ti kompozitů mletím v kulovém mlýnku
Roupcová, Pavla ; Schneeweiss, Oldřich
The materials were prepared by mechanical alloying in the ball mill. The first type of sample consists of pure commercial precursors (TiH2 and ferrihydride). The slightly changes of phase composition of the powder were under the detection limit of X-ray powder diffraction. The MS determined the changes from the first step of milling. The second type of sample was prepared from turnings. The reduction of the splinters volume and the mechanical alloying was running simultaneously. The huge crystalline size differences decreased the credibility of computation of phase composition by XRD. MS was able determined phase composition more exactly and in additional to differentiate crystalline and amorphous FeTi phase.
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Microstructure Stability and Creep Behaviour of Alloys Processed by ECAP
Dvořák, Jiří ; Král, Petr ; Svoboda, Milan ; Kvapilová, Marie ; Sklenička, Václav
Coarse-grained binary Cu and Al alloys were processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) in order to evaluate the effect of severe plastic deformation on the thermal stability of resulting ultrafine-grained microstructure after ECAP followed by creep loading of the pressed alloys. ECAP was conducted at room temperature with a die that had an internal angle of 90° between the two parts of the channel. The subsequent extrusion passes were performed by route Bc. Microstructure of samples up to 12 ECAP passes was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) unit. Constant load creep tests in tension were performed at 0.3 - 0.5 Tm and at different applied stresses. It was found that the creep behaviour is influenced by high-angle grain boundaries created by ECAP and creep fracture occurred along the shear bands which are situated near shear plane of the last ECAP pass.
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Studium vlivu segregovaných nečistot na magnetismus hranic zrn a povrchů v FCC niklu a kobaltu
Všianská, Monika ; Vémolová, H. ; Šob, Mojmír
Na základě výpočtů elektronové struktury z prvních principů studujeme vliv segregovaných sp nečistot (Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Se, In, Sn, Sb a Te) na hranici zrn (GB) 5(210) a na volném povrchu (FS) (210) fcc niklu a kobaltu. Provádíme přitom úplnou relaxaci atomové konfigurace GB a FS bez nečistot i se substitučně a intersticiálně vloženými nečistotami. Analyzujeme vliv studovaných nemagnetických nečistot na rozložení magnetického momentu, geometrické uspořádání atomů v okolí GB a FS a hustoty elektronových stavů. Vysvětlujeme také, proč při segregaci studovaných nečistot mohou být magneticky mrtvé vrstvy přítomny v niklu, ale nikoliv v kobaltu.
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Influence of atmosphere on small punch testing of P91 steel
Dymáček, Petr ; Dobeš, Ferdinand
The small punch testing (SPT) under constant force condition was performed in various atmospheres: air, hydrogen and argon. The material selected for the study was P91 steel and testing temperature 873 K. The effect of atmosphere on the test results such as time to rupture, minimum deflection rate and other parameters was measured and evaluated. The results show that there is not very strong but definite effect of atmosphere on SPT creep rupture time. The longest times to rupture were obtained in hydrogen atmosphere for whole range of tested forces. However the difference between tests in hydrogen and tests in air or in argon diminished with decreasing force and longer time to rupture.
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Comparison of Creep Behaviour and Microstructural Changes in Electrodeposited Ultrafine-grained Nickel and its Particle-reinforced Nanocomposite
Kvapilová, Marie ; Sklenička, Václav ; Kuchařová, Květa ; Vidrich, G.
On the basic of the creep experimental results the paper reports comparison creep behaviour of electrodeposited ultrafine-grained nickel and its particle-reinforced nanocomposite. The objective of this research was to further improve the knowledge of the creep behaviour of monolithic nickel and to explore the role of nano-sized SiO2 particles in the potential creep strengthening of electrodeposited Ni nanocomposite. The creep behaviour and microstructure of the pure ultrafine-grained nickel and its nanocomposite reinforced by 2 vol.% nano-sized SiO2 particles were studied at temperatures in the range from 293 to 573 K and at the tensile stresses between 100 to 800 MPa. It was found that the creep resistance of the nanocomposite might be noticeably improved compared to the monolithic nickel. Possible creep mechanisms controlling the creep rate during the creep loading were discussed. The Coble creep as creep rate controlling mechanism was founded improbable.
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