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Analýza metabolických a reprodukčních ukazatelů ovcí ve vybraném chovu plemene suffolk
OUŘEDNÍKOVÁ, Kateřina
The aim of the study was to analyze the reproductive, productive and metabolic values of ewes from selected parameters in blood, milk and urine in correlation to their metabolic state. The results were used to draw up new breeding and feeding schemes. The research was carried out in 2015, and the sample size consisted of 62 Suffolk ewes. The analysis of reproductive parameters of selected ewes confirms appropriately chosen breeding methods. The average weight of lambs at birth (3,82 kg) is affected by the number of lambs at birth. The average weight of lambs at 100 days of age (32,54 kg) depends on the number of lambs per ewe and the age of ewe. The average daily weight gain makes 0,325 kg per lamb. Lowered concentration of proteins related to the decreased level of urea in the blood plasma signifies insufficient intake of nitrogen of ewes from feed.
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Milk composition as an indicator of the metabolism of dairy cows
ŠTĚRBA, Lukáš
Milk presents good marker metabolic levels in dairy cows. Subscribe milk in moreover to cow does not stressful. Each month has a breeder in the yield control available basic data on milk composition (fat, protein, lactose). This basic data can be expanded to include other parameters (milk urea, ketones and citric acid). Based on these milk parameters can then correct interpretation preventively diagnose metabolic diseases in the herd. In this work, based on yield controlling diagnosed with high metabolic burden herd Haklovy Dvory. In March 2014, according to the results of the composition of milk probably 33,3% of dairy cows exposed to challenges from acidogenic burdens and 15,2% negative energy balance. In April, was then exposed to challenges from acidogenic burdens 37,8% of herds and negative energy balance 26,7% of the herd. For selected cows are then carried out an analysis of the metabolic state based on milk composition and biochemical blood tests. Milk always signaled higher metabolic burden cows associated with the appearance of serious metabolic diseases (acidogenic burdens) than blood. Diagnosis of rumen acidosis of the blood is not simple and milk, this could serve as a useful indicator of the current state of the acid-base balance in the rumen.
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The thyroid gland activity of sheep
DŘÍZHALOVÁ, Blanka
In the theoretical part of my thesis, I describe the thyroid, its importance, anatomy, creation of hormones and their regulation. There is also summarized the knowledge of external environment influences on the thyroid such as nutrition, climatic conditions or seasons and internal factors influences, mainly breed, efficiency and age. The practical part is focused on the evaluation of the thyroid activity of free-range ewes and lambs in the spring and autumn of 2013. The thesis also deals with the evaluation of possible relevance between the content of thyroid hormones in the blood serum and the physiological state of the sheep. Thanks to the correlation between TSH and thyroid hormones, the proper regulation of the thyroid of ewes and lambs was confirmed. The thyroid activity was higher in the spring than in the autumn. The hypothyroidism in the autumn was not proved because no referential values of TSH are set. In the autumn there was a lower level of glucose and cholesterol in the blood of the ewes determined which gives evidence of a lower energy income from the feed in the autumn. Also the urea level which is closely connected to the energy shortage, starvation, and high income of N substances in the feed dosage was in the autumn twice as high as in the spring. There was a positive correlation determined between the higher urea concentration and the higher thyroid activity. Owing to the change of the feed content, the TSH started to stimulate the thyroid to a higher thyroid hormones production and thus to its higher activity.
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Zinek jako esenciální mikronutrient
Hádler, Tomáš
In the first part of these presented bachelor thesis are described general characteristics of zinc, it's occurence in enviroment and it's history. Next part described effect of this element on human health (specific health risks associated with its deficiency), transport and its general role in the metabolism, further discussed. There are summarized recommendations for zinc daily intake. A major part of this thesis is focused on the zinc content in various types of foods. A main part of the thesis is concerned with zinc deficiency and symptoms of zinc deficiency for the living organisms. The following part described selected foods and their zinc content. A very substantial part of the work is the possibility of fortification of foods with zinc, as well as supplementation. Last but not least, the zinc metabolism is described and it's availability for human body. Some analytical methods for the determination of zinc in food and other biological samples are described.
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Výskyt kvasinek v silážích a jejich význam
Vaculíková, Barbora
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of yeast in silage and verify the fact that the additives will ensure inhibition of undesirable microorganisms. The literature review focused on the metabolism of yeast, their importance in silages limitations and possibilities. Model experiments were performed with peas with barley silage and with corn silage. The influence of additives on the final quality of the silage and their influence on the content of microorganisms, together with the quality of the fermentation process, was assessed. According to the provided measurements it can be argued that the use of additives was only partly due to the limitations of yeast and aerobic stability. Chemical preservatives based on organic acids favorably slowed the onset of secondary fermentation in peas with barley silage, even though there was no suppression of the number of yeast on this option. The negative correlation of yeast dry matter content was confirmed for the corn silage (r= 0.6219). In the silage with a chemical preservative (2,402 +- 0,775 log CFU/g) positive effect (P<0,05) on the limitation of yeast compared was detected to the control silage. Based on measurements of pH the degree of contamination of yeast cannot be evaluated. It was confirmed that even the best additive cannot guarantee quality and stable silage, if the principles of silage are not adhered to.
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Mikrobiální aktivity půdy ovlivněné různou mírou kontaminace ropnými uhlovodíky
Dvořáčková, Helena
Bioremediation is a method of reviving enviroment which is using natural processes. These processes, the modern technology is trying to make faster and more effective. This diploma thesis deals with a theme about Microbial Activity of Soil influenced by different measurements of crude oil hydrocarbon contamination and observing of microbial consorcia activity in contamined, not contamined and sterile soil. The initial chapter deals with crude oil contamination and bacterial metabolism which is able to remove this contamination. There was executed a container trial in the experimental part of this thesis. The plants were planted into different types of adjusted soil (crude oil application, sterilization and so on). There was compared a production of biomass and there are a few conclusion from these results. The elementary thing is that the soil micro-organisms which appear in oil soil can make a life strategy in this enviroment and can also prosper which reflects on the production of biomass.The container trial was determined as the most exact method of soil activity valuation because it is nearest to the real soil proportion. Followingly there were executed analysis of store soil and analysis of so after finishng of the container trial. These results brought similar conclusions, however the cultivation on nutrient soil and the cultivation like that it is not comparable. The store soil underwent a water cress trial. This trial confirmed toxic effects of crude oil but it also showed the fact that crude oil is a natural substance and micro-organisms can adapt to it. The mineralization of soil was measured with help of ionic measurers.
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Mammalian energetic savings in subterranean environment. The case of African mole-rats.
OKROUHLÍK, Jan
Mole-rats are placental mammals which are perfectly adapted to subterranean life. In this thesis I present novel findings on working metabolism and thermoregulatory physiology of mole-rats. These animals cope with low availability of food and have thus employed multiple strategies how to conserve energy and/or use it more effectively. Among other adaptations this resulted in lower resting body temperature, tolerance to increase in body temperature during exercise or while at rest, surprisingly efficient cooling while digging and precise diurnal and seasonal timing of activity with regards to environmental conditions. My focus in this work is on the digging metabolic rate and thermoregulation of social Fukomys mechowii and solitary Heliophobius argenteocinereus in soft and hard substrate, thermoregulatory abilities of Fukomys darlingi, seasonal changes of activity in free living Heliophobius argenteocinereus measured as daily energy expenditure and, finally, energetic consequences of the daily activity patterns of Fukomys anselli.
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Vliv tranzitní krmné dávky a délky stání na sucho na užitkovost dojnic
Čermáková, Jana
The aim of this doctoral thesis was to investigate the effects of dry period length and type of diet through dry and transition periods on feed intake, lactation performance, health status and reproduction of high-yielding dairy cows. The experiment was conducted with 29 high-yielding dairy cows which were divided into two groups. The control group (C; n=14) was assigned to a traditional dry period of approximately 60 d (57 +- 5.9 d) and was fed a far-off dry cow ration from dry-off until 21 d prepartum. From d 21 until calving, the cows were switched to a pre-calving ration containing an additional 3 kg of concentrates. The cows of experimental group (S; n=15) were assigned to a shortened dry period (35 +- 6.3 d) and were continuously fed a late-lactation diet until calving. After calving, both groups were fed the same lactation diet corresponding to their lactation requirements. Dry matter intake of the cows assigned to a shortened dry period and fed a late-lactation diet (17.1 kg/cow/d) was approximately 4.11 kg per cow/d greater compared with the control group (13.0 kg/cow/d) through 60 d prepartum (P=0.0004). After calving, however, the average dry matter intake was approximately 0.71 kg per cow/d higher in the control group (21.48 kg/cow/d (C) vs. 20.77 kg/cow/d (S); P>0.05). Cows with a shortened dry period produced approximately 3.34 kg/d (8.3%) less milk and had flatter lactation curves during the first 100 d of lactation. Through standardized lactation (305 days) cows produced in the average 10 583 kg (C) and 9 638 kg (S) of milk. No differences were observed in live body weight, body condition score or back-fat thickness between the treatments. Shortening the dry period and feeding a late-lactation diet increased the concentrations of VFA and decreased the rumen pH (P<0.05). No differences were observed in basic parameters of blood and rumen fluid after calving. The insemination interval of the cows with shortened dry period was in the average about 34 days shorter compared with conventional dry period (S 64.67 d vs. C 99.11; P=0.007). Shortening the dry period did not affect the colostrum quality or birth weights of the calves.
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Farmaka ve vodním prostředí a jejich vliv na ryby
BURKINA, Viktoriia
In this thesis, the impact of atenolol, verapamil, dexamethasone, clotrimazole, and PBSA on the physiological condition and health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied in vivo and in vitro. The sub-chronic test of atenolol, including at the environmentally relevant concentration, demonstrated that only the fish exposed to atenolol at a concentration of 1000 ?g?L-1 may be at a higher risk of oxidative stress. The second pharmaceutical compound studied was an L-type calcium channel blocker, verapamil. Despite the relatively high concentration of verapamil included in the experiments, the rates of seven hepatic CYP450-mediated reactions (EROD, MROD, PROD, BFCOD, COH, and PNPH) were unchanged in the exposed rainbow trout. This indicates that the activities of the selected CYP450 enzymes were not affected. Exposure to the highest concentration of PBSA (1000 ?g?L-1) led to significantly inhibited glutathione reductase activity. The activities of the EROD, MROD, and PROD enzymes gradually increased, beginning at the environmentally relevant concentrations. We suggest that long-term exposure to PBSA could cause oxidative stress in fish, as indicated by the decreased activity of GR. Moreover, PBSA could interact with intracellular receptors due to the elevated activities of CYP1A (EROD and MROD) and CYP2B (PROD). Rainbow trout showed multiple responses after exposure to clotrimazole. Changes in the haematological parameters in the exposed rainbow trout suggested that the immune system and haemoglobin synthesis were affected. The antioxidant defence enzymes that responded to the clotrimazole exposure influenced the oxidative stress status of the fish. Sub-chronic exposure to clotrimazole did not lead to oxidative stress in any of the fish tissues studied, as indicated by the unchanged TBARS levels. Hepatic energetic pathways were activated in the tested groups after 42 days of exposure to clotrimazole. High levels of glutathione S-transferase were seen in the liver and gill tissues, possibly associated with the detoxification of clotrimazole. The interaction of clotrimazole with intracellular receptors can be expected due to the changes in the catalytic activities of CYP1A1 and CYP3A. The BCF levels in the muscle tissue suggest a moderate bioaccumulation of CLO. The relatively long elimination period for CLO in the fish kidney (half-life = 29 days) may imply a greater potential for adverse effects in this organ. This finding is significant in view of the structural disturbances that appeared in the kidney and testis. The changes observed in the kidney were most prominent in the tubular epithelial cells. Changes in the gonads were only visible in the male specimens, and the pathological changes in the testis may indicate a disruption of steroidogenesis. The potential of clotrimazole and dexamethasone to inhibit CYP450 enzyme activity in rainbow trout hepatic microsomes was investigated in vitro. Clotrimazole non-competitively inhibited EROD activity in the hepatic microsomes, while BFCOD activity was competitively inhibited. PNPH activity was only slightly reduced in the presence of clotrimazole, indicating that it does not significantly interact with CYP2E1. The presence of dexamethasone in the incubations did not affect any of the CYP450 enzymes investigated. Everything considered, the results of the study confirmed that the presence of clotrimazole in the environment is of concern with respect to its impact on the health status of fish. In this thesis, the data of the actual effects of several PPCPs on fish were discussed. Based on the response of selected molecular endpoints, the cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory drugs studied do not present a significant risk for fish, while the antifungal drug and UV-screening agent that were tested may disrupt several physiological processes in fish.
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Seasonal changes in the metabolic profile of dairy cows
KADLECOVÁ, Lenka
V teoretické části mé diplomové práce bylo cílem zpracovat přehled literatury, která se zabývá chovem, výživou a zdravotními problémy dojených plemen skotu v České republice a významem preventivních metabolických vyšetření. Dále pak popsat postup provádění a hodnocení metabolických profilových testů u dojnic. Praktická část byla zaměřena na zhodnocení vybraných ukazatelů metabolického profilu u dojnic plemene holštýn a český strakatý skot na rodinné farmě Velký Bor, kdy dojnice plemene holštýn dosahovaly užitkovosti 7450 litrů mléka za laktaci a dojnice český strakatý skot 6725 litrů mléka za laktaci. Vyhodnocování probíhalo v metabolicky nejnáročnější fázi laktace, tedy v období po porodu a ve vzestupné fázi laktace. Výsledky ukazují, že při uvedené užitkovosti dojnic plemene holštýn, která byla o 725 litrů vyšší než u dojnic plemene český strakatý skot, mezi metabolická rizika patří nedostatek Ca, Na a energetický deficit. To může vést k vyšší pravděpodobnosti vzniku metabolických onemocnění, především v období po porodu, oproti dojnicím český strakatý skot, které byly z hlediska užitkovosti méně zatíženy. Z hlediska ročního období a rozdílné krmné dávky v zimním a letním období dojnic nebyly výrazné rozdíly v hlavních sledovaných parametrech v krevním séru a moči, které by poukazovaly na vyšší riziko vzniku metabolických onemocnění. Avšak hodnoty bližší zvoleným normám vykazovaly profily v zimním období.
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