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Self-defense and necessity: current issues
Fridrich, Daniel ; Krupička, Jiří (referee)
1 Self-defense and Necessity: Current Issues Abstract This diploma thesis concerns the institutions of self-defense and necessity as circumstances excluding unlawfulness, and current issues related to them. Both institutions entail the possibility of individuals to act in order to protect their interests, as protected by criminal law. These interests can be individual or society-wide. Such conduct may be considered a criminal act, however, upon meeting statutory conditions, the unlawfulness of such conduct is excluded entirely. Therefore, it will not be a criminal act and the individual cannot be punished, neither under criminal law, nor legal rules of other legal areas. The aim of this thesis is to focus on current aspects of these institutions. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether the institutions' conditions are appropriately set for individuals acting within them and whether the legislation gives courts sufficient room for assessing specific situations. The resulting finding is that both institutions are effective at reacting to a large number of situations, including those that have only recently started emerging. The institutions' conditions are set in an accommodating manner, and allow the courts a wide margin of discretion. The first chapter defines the circumstances excluding unlawfulness in...
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The concept and legal consequences of exceeding the limits of self-defence and necessity
Židová, Markéta ; Mulák, Jiří (referee)
This thesis concerns the topic of exceeding the limits of self-defence and necessity and related legal consequences. Although the concepts of self-defence and necessity exist also in other legal branches, this thesis is focused primarily on criminal law. The aim is to define the concept of excess of the limits of self-defence and necessity, including the individual types of excess, and to provide a comprehensive overview of both general and special legal consequences that can arise in case of an excess. Furthermore, this thesis strives to answer the question whether the current Criminal Code allows for all the specific circumstances of cases in which the defendant fulfils an offence definition while exceeding the limits of self-defence or necessity to be duly taken into account. First, this thesis deals generally with the topic of defences and the concept of self-defence and necessity and then analyses in detail the limits and conditions of these concepts as this matter is closely connected with the topic of excess. The crucial parts of the thesis are part three and four. The third part focuses on defining the concept of excess and its characteristics, analysing the fault element of an excess and describing the individual types of excess of self- defence and necessity limits. The fourth part deals...
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The concept and legal consequences of exceeding the limits of self-defence and necessity
Židová, Markéta ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Bohuslav, Lukáš (referee)
This thesis concerns the topic of exceeding the limits of self-defence and necessity and related legal consequences. Although the concepts of self-defence and necessity exist also in other legal branches, this thesis is focused primarily on criminal law. The aim is to define the concept of excess of the limits of self-defence and necessity, including the individual types of excess, and to provide a comprehensive overview of both general and special legal consequences that can arise in case of an excess. Furthermore, this thesis strives to answer the question whether the current Criminal Code allows for all the specific circumstances of cases in which the defendant fulfils an offence definition while exceeding the limits of self-defence or necessity to be duly taken into account. First, this thesis deals generally with the topic of defences and the concept of self-defence and necessity and then analyses in detail the limits and conditions of these concepts as this matter is closely connected with the topic of excess. The crucial parts of the thesis are part three and four. The third part focuses on defining the concept of excess and its characteristics, analysing the fault element of an excess and describing the individual types of excess of self- defence and necessity limits. The fourth part deals...
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The concept and legal consequences of the transgression of the limits of self-defense and necessity
Končický, Ivan ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Bohuslav, Lukáš (referee)
The concept and legal consequences of the transgression of the limits of self- defense and necessity The subject of this thesis is the concept and legal consequences of the transgression of the limits of self-defense and necessity. The aim of the thesis is to analyze legal regulation of necessity, self-defense and legal consequences of the transgression of their limits by the academic literature and case-law and on that basis answer the questions outlined in the introduction of this thesis. During that the thesis pays most attention to questionable or interesting issues of this topic. The previous conclusions in connection with knowledge from foreign legislation are the basis for de lege ferenda considerations. In addition to the traditional de lege ferenda considerations the thesis also attempts to address new topics that may affect these institutes in the future. The topic of the thesis is described in four chapters. Necessity and self-defense belong to the circumstances excluding unlawfulness therefore the first chapter of this thesis which is an introduction to the whole issue deals generally with circumstances excluding unlawfulness and their position in our legal environment. The second and third chapter deal with the institutes of necessity, self-defense. Transgression of the limits of...
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The concept and legal consequences of excessive self-defense and necessity
Kursa, Jakub ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Bohuslav, Lukáš (referee)
The concept and legal consequences of excessive self-defense and necessity The topic of presented diploma thesis deals with criminal law institutes of self-defense and necessity and the consequences of exceeding their limits provided by the Criminal Code. Both of the above-mentioned institutes belong to the conditions precluding illegality of an act, i.e. specific circumstances in presence which of and subject to conditions any sanction is excluded under effective law. The purpose of these institutions is to make it possible for people to act with impunity in cases they protect the interests of their own or interests of the whole society when these interests are violated or endangered. In principle, these institutes replace the absence of a public authorities at the moment, whose task is to protect these interests. However, on the other side the legislation does have certain limits to prevent from any misuse of these institutes. The key passages of this thesis are therefore focused on situations where the conditions of necessity or self-defense are not fully met and examines the legal consequences of such actions. The presented thesis is divided into six parts. A brief introduction is followed by the first chapter, which deals with the general view of the conditions precluding illegality of an act,...
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The concept and legal consequences of the transgression of the limits of self-defense and necessity
Baran, Zbyněk ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Bohuslav, Lukáš (referee)
The concept and legal consequences of the transgression of the limits of self-defense and necessity The thesis is based on the criminal institutes of necessity and self-defense. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the concept of necessity and self-defence, set limits to those institutes, define cases of transgression of these limits and describe legal consequences of excess. The thesis is drawn as the analysis of current legislation regulating necessity and self- defense. Given that everyone can make use of these institutes, the thesis concentrates on the fact that the legislation in this matter should be comprehensible and expedient for the acting person and contains a thorough analysis of case-law. The comparative method is used to the lesser extent, Czech legislation is compared with legislation of some other European countries. A part of the thesis concentrates on the frequent de lege ferenda suggestions. In author's opinion, the enactment of these suggestions would help to promote legal certainty and extend the possibility to act in necessity and self-defense. The thesis is divided into an introduction, three main parts, which are further divided into chapters and subchapters, and a conclusion. Part one defines the concept of illegality as a requirement of commiting a crime, then the...
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The concept and legal consequence of the excessive use of self-defence and necessity
Šimeček, Lukáš ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Herczeg, Jiří (referee)
THE NOTION AND LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXCEEDING THE NEED FOR SELF-DEFENSE AND DESTITUTION The subject of this thesis are the notion and the legal consequences of exceeding the need for self-defense and destitution (excess). Both of those situations exclude illegality in the case of fulfillment of certain conditions assuring the right of an individual defend him-self in case of an attack, in other words in situations where there is a threat to interests protected by the criminal statute. The consequence of the fulfillment of the conditions of destitution and self- defense is the exclusion not only of criminal liability of the defendant but equally the illegality of his act. In these situations, we therefore are not dealing with a criminal act. This characteristic therefore in consequence makes destitute and self-defense into notions of great importance in the area of criminal liability. The aim of this thesis is to focus on both of the notions mentioned above, mainly in regard of situations where we are faced with the exceeding of the allowed limits and therefore to fully elaborate on and detail the parameters of the notion of excess and the legal consequences linked to it. The term excess will be regarded from the point of view of theories, legal treatment and jurisprudence, as their approach and...
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The concept and legal consequences of the transgression of the limits of self-defense and necessity
Strakošová, Kristýna ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Bohuslav, Lukáš (referee)
The concept and legal consequences of the transgression of the limits of self-defense and necessity The object of this diploma thesis is criminal institute of self-defense and necessity and legal consequences of their transgression. These circumstances excluding the illegality release an act of person, who prevents a directly imminent danger or attack, from illegality as an element of the crime. We find the importance and indispensability of these institutes in possibility of use of self-help in favor of the protected interests, without a threat of penal sanction. This work is mainly focused on situations where legal conditions and limits of self- defense and necessity were transgressed, which caused their criminal liability. Even here it is desirable to apply more benevolent approach towards the offender than to other perpetrators of common crimes, because otherwise self-defense and necessity is considered a positive phenomenon. After a brief introduction, in the first part of this diploma thesis, the author deals with circumstances excluding the illegality in general and with the concept of illegality itself. In the second part, the author deals with the definition of the term and conditions of necessity and mainly focuses on explanation of the unclear and questionable elements of necessity. In...
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The concept and legal consequence of the excessive use of self-defence and necessity
Kapras, Jiří ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Šámal, Pavel (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the concept and legal implications of excessive self-defense (also private defense) and necessity (also distress). The two terms designate two circumstances precluding wrongfulness that the Czech Criminal Code recognizes. They have been intended to allow every person to defend himself and thus protect his rights against an attack or other forms of danger in case the state authority cannot provide for such protection. If the self-protection is executed within some acceptable boundaries that are provided by the Criminal Code, such behavior can be considered beneficial for the society and therefore nobody should be in any way punished for it. Criminal liability is only established when the given boundaries are crossed and even then there is a certain favored approach towards the perpetrator required. The intention of this diploma thesis is to address the connotations and importance of the given juridical institutes and to evaluate whether they function effectively or not, with eventual suggestions as to how to improve the result. After a short introduction the first part of the thesis deals with the concept of wrongfulness as one of the elements of a crime, and circumstances precluding the wrongfulness in general. In the end of the chapter there is a brief reflection on...
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The concept and legal consequence of the excessive use of self-defence and necessity
Votočka, Jan ; Vokoun, Rudolf (advisor) ; Císařová, Dagmar (referee)
The Notion and Legal Consequences of the Transgression of Exceeding the Limits of Self-defense and Distress Diploma thesis called "The Notion and Legal Consequences of the Transgression of Exceeding the Limits of Self-defense and Distress" is based on Criminal Code, Act N. 40/2009 Coll., as applicable to 1 December, 2011. The thesis deals with legitimate self-defense and distress, as two circumstances excluding illegality, which belong to basic human rights, that everyone can by himself avert attack or danger threatening his interest protected by the Criminal Code. Thesis's insight of legitimate self-defense and distress is based on situations when person exceeds allowable bounds of legitimate self-defense and distress, and it's behavior becomes lawless and punishable. First part deals with circumstances excluding illegality as a term including legitimate self-defense and distress. Second part is based on actual characteristic and conditions of legitimate self-defense, together with specification of statutory legal limits of behavior in legitimate self-defense and distress. In following third part concepts of exceeding limits of legitimate self-defense and distress are analyzed in detail. There is a description how acting person can extravagate these limits. Nonobservance of time limits,...
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