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Ser/Thr protein kinases in mycobacteria
Borovcová, Taťána ; Doubravová, Linda (advisor) ; Konopásek, Ivo (referee)
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome encodes 11 Ser/Thr protein kinases. These protein kinases are structurally related to eukaryotic protein kinases. The phosphoproteome contains hundreds of proteins phosphorylated on Ser/Thr residues that influence all aspects of cell biology, which supports the critical role of phosphorylation in the regulation of physiology. Particularly important role in regulation belongs to protein kinases PknA, PknB, PknG and PknL, these protein kinases occur in all species of mycobacteria. Although only PknA and PknB are essencial for the M. tuberculosis, they regulate cell shape through the regulation of cell wall synthesis and cell division. Another important protein kinase is PknG, although not essential for growth it is necessary for virulence, because it promotes the survival of pathogen inside macrophages of the host. As a result, Ser/Thr protein kinases represent an interesting target for inhibitor development that could be used as drugs against tuberculosis.
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Roles of environmental factors and microbiome in type 1 diabetes
Novotná, Kateřina ; Funda, David (advisor) ; Cahová, Monika (referee)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an insulin-dependent autoimmune disease. Its onset is characterized by an autoreactive self-destruction of β-cells within pancreatic islets. T1DM is influenced by multiple genetic predispositions, but since the incidence of the disease has increased dramatically in the past decades, especially in developed, western-type countries, the importance of the environmental factors has become obvious. There are various significant environmental influences that need to be addressed in the equation of variables. This bachelor thesis deals with the environmental variables and their mechanisms in T1DM and focuses on several areas of interest. It introduces frequently used spontaneous animal model of T1DM, pathogenetic mechanisms and T-cells in T1DM as well as regulatory immune cells and their mechanisms, in the light of hygiene and another hypothesis. Next it addresses the role of intestinal microbiota, dietary factors, mucosal immunity, their mechanisms and interactions in T1DM and extends to other, less researched, but important environmental variables such as circadian rhythm in connection with circadian gene expression depending on the rhythmicity of light/dark rotation and timing of food intake throughout the day, psychological/oxidative stress, and the effects of...
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Mucosal immunity in upper respiratory tract diseases and autoimmunity diseases
Fundová, Petra ; Tlaskalová - Hogenová, Helena (advisor) ; Prokešová, Ludmila (referee) ; Bártová, Jiřina (referee)
Mucosal immune system comprises not only the major compartment of the immune system but also important interface with the outer environment. It is responsible in maintaining an intricate balance with the danger and non-danger stimuli of the outer world by employing specific anatomical features and unique functional mechanisms. Mucosal immune system has been long understudied, perhaps due to the limited accessibility, and its biological importance is thus still underevaluated. However, it has become evident that it is important to study mucosal immune system not only in local mucosal affections but also when uncovering pathogenic mechanisms and novel prevention strategies of organ specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Thus, the first, more clinically oriented part of this thesis is focused on mucosal immune system of the upper respiratory tract in disease conditions - in nasal polyposis (NP). Because there is a substantial accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils in the most frequent type of NP, we investigated and described increased expression of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR3 in NP versus nasal mucosa. Both innate immune mechanisms as well as homeostasis of epithelial cells may participate in NP. We have documented increased numbers of iNOS-positive and insulin-like growth...
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Marfan syndrome, the main genetic causes
Šinknerová, Eliška ; Rothová, Olga (advisor) ; Daňková, Pavlína (referee)
This thesis is a review with the topic of Marfan syndrome (MFS) that hasn't been sufficiently described in Czech scientific literature yet. The first chapters pursue general informations and history of research of MFS, which was first desribed in 1896 and following research continued. During 1990s the main interest was to describe manifestations of Marfan syndrome and to find main genetic causes. Research continues until today and it is focused on searching specific mutations causing this syndrome. The thesis furthermore describes clinical manifestations classical MFS and neonatal MFS, e. g. manifestations in many body systems as sketal, cardiovascular, pulmonar and other systems. Thesis is focused on process which enables to diagnose MFS. The main part of the thesis is a desctiption of molecular nature and genetic aspects of this syndrome. The thesis describes in detail gene FBN1 and different types of mutationon which are responsible for formation of MFS. Attention is paid to genotype/phenotype correlation. This thesis also includes suggestions for work with this topic (MFS) in teaching at high schools and grammar schools.
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Cystic fibrosis
Riedrová, Michaela ; Herink, Josef (advisor) ; Semecký, Vladimír (referee)
Bachelor thesis deals with the topic of cystic fibrosis. It is a serious autosomal recessive hereditary disease. Cystic fibrosis can not be cured, it is only possible to treat the complications of this disease. The thesis is divided into the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is focused on the occurrence of cystic fibrosis in the world and in the Czech Republic, history, the principle of inheritance of cystic fibrosis and there are presented the symptoms and complications associated with cystic fibrosis. There are also presented diagnostic methods and principles, therapy of the disease. In the practical part of the bachelor thesis there is a public survey on the topic of cystic fibrosis. The survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire. Key words: cystic fibrosis, mucoviscidosis, CFTR gene, hereditary diseases, chlorides in the sweat
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Specific features of streptomycetes isolated from human tissues
Kodatová, Anežka ; Petříčková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Zikánová, Blanka (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on activities of the bacterial genus Streptomyces in relations to plants, animals and human. Many cases of their symbiotic relationships with plants are known, but there is also a common plant pathogen S. scabies. As a primary soil bacteria, their association with animals is infrequent, but not exceptional. Symbiotic relationships have been observed for example in several insect species. Streptomyces have been repeatedly isolated from the human microbiome, however only a little information about their influence on human body is available. Due to the wide production of secondary metabolites affecting other microorganisms, their role can be assumed as significant. The relationship between human Streptomyces and human could have a parallel in the Streptomyces symbiosis with plants and insects, but it can also have certain effects on pathogenesis. The ability of beta haemolysis was demonstrated in tested strains. In addition, there are cases of serious diseases caused by Streptomyces. Next to the relatively common actinomycosis in the regions of Sudan and India, diseases such as pneumonia or abscess were reported.
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Avian polyomaviruses
Škvára, Petr ; Fraiberk, Martin (advisor) ; Forman, Martin (referee)
Avian polyomaviruses are small, nonenveloped viruses from family Polyomaviridae, which can cause acute infection with high mortality of infected birds. In contrast with other polyomaviruses, avian polyomaviruses do not share similar pathogenesis, because most of them do not cause acute diseases. The main point of this work is to summarize available information about avian polyomaviruses and to compare them to each other. This work also compares avian polyomaviruses with mammalian polyomaviruses. The primary focus is made on genome organization, structure and function of viral proteins, but also on pathogenesis and epidemiology of avian polyomaviruses. In conclusion, even if avian polyomaviruses share common signs with other polyomaviruses, they have different conserved sequences, host specificity and pathogenicity. Summary of current knowledge about avian polyomaviruses could help to understand the importance of this newly established genus in the field of polyomavirus research. Key words: avian polyomaviruses, taxonomy, genome, viral proteins, pathogenesis
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Influence of fetal microchimerism on breast carcinoma in mothers
Šůchová, Anna-Marie ; Hromadníková, Ilona (advisor) ; Balounová, Jana (referee)
Fetal microchimerism is a condition where fetal cells are present in the body of the mother, they are transmitted during pregnancy and may persist for several decades after parturition. Their presence affects the immune system of the mother, which is investigated in both autoimmune and tumor diseases. This work, as a literature review, summarizes the current knowledge of the effect of fetal microchimerism on breast carcinomas in mothers, which is one of the most common cancer in women worldwide. It is based on studies that examined the presence of fetal cells in peripheral blood and neoplastic maternal tissues. While the correlation between the presence of fetal microchimerism in peripheral blood and breast cancer suggests a possible protective role, the data on the investigation of the same correlation in neoplastic tissue are not so unambiguous. Some of them suggest a protective role, others have a negative role. Key words - fetal microchimerism, breast carcinoma, pathogenesis, oncology, tumor
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Free living amoebae as causative agents of human infections.
Markovičová, Ivana ; Nohýnková, Eva (advisor) ; Doležal, Pavel (referee)
Free living amoebae as causative agents of human infections are world wide occuring organisms with the ability of dual lifestyle both in nature, which is their original habitat, so within host tissue. The aim of this theses is to summarize the basic available knowledge of the pathogenic species Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris and of the pathogenic genus Acanthamoeba which invade CNS and are causative agents of rare but serious human infections, often leading to death of a patient. The exception of their deathly consequences is an Acanthamoeba keratitis infection in which non curing cases lead to a significant visual impairment and even to visual loss. In each of the chapters, the work is tend to summarize transmision ability, mechanisms of pathogenesis and pathophysiology of these three free living amoebae in order to describe their ability to cause infection.
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