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Food composition and feeding selectivity of zooplankton
Lis, Jonáš ; Škaloud, Pavel (advisor) ; Čablová, Radka (referee)
Zooplankton are an important link in the food web between phytoplankton and higher tro- phic levels, and understanding their feeding preferences is the key to unraveling the functions and dynamics of aquatic ecosystems. Current knowledge of zooplankton food composition is limited, consisting mainly of laboratory experiments that have revealed different hunting strategies and selection of prey based on size and nutritional value. Recently, publications have emerged that, through the use of DNA metabarcoding, provide a completely new and comprehensive insight into the diversity of zooplankton diet composition, especially copepods, cladocerans and rotifers. These methods reveal that the feeding niches of copepods and cladocerans are distinct and do not overlap. In general, both groups are said to prefer mainly diatoms as their food, when available. The food niches of rotifers are so diverse that no clear trend can be established for the entire phylum. Cyanobacteria appear to be the main source of energy for zooplankton and are proba- bly consumed by metazooplankton largely as secondary prey when consuming ciliates and other heterotrophic prey. Furthermore, differences in feeding niches between species are known and can be partly explained by their vertical distribution, and different levels of feeding...
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Nursing Care of High Flow Oxygen Therapy Patients
Poláčková, Jitka ; Klokočková, Šárka (advisor) ; Hromádková, Jaroslava (referee)
The objective of the bachelor's thesis is to describe the nursing care and its specifics in patients receiving high flow oxygen therapy (HFNO). The theoretical section of the thesis focuses on the general oxygen therapy and explores its application options and usage principles. This section discusses indications and contraindications of the oxygen therapy and its basic types. Specifically, it focuses on the high flow oxygen therapy, including its mechanism or therapeutical advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, it discusses the indications and contraindications of the high flow nasal oxygen treatment (HFNO) and describes the conditions in which patients received oxygen therapy using the high flow nasal oxygen device. The final part of the theoretical section deals with the most prevalent shared symptom, its diagnostics and treatment. The practical section of the thesis presents several case studies, using specific data relevant to each case. As a result, nursing anamneses and nursing diagnoses were formulated. The practical section explores the nursing care for patients on HFNO and the care specifics in patients receiving the high flow nasal oxygen therapy. The assessment of oxygen therapy provided by the AIRVO 2 device revealed that patients experienced lower levels of subjective feelings of...
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The importance of polyploidization in the evolution of grasses of the tribe Triticeae
Papoušek, Lukáš ; Urfus, Tomáš (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Polyploidization, as a process of chromosome set multiplication, represents one of the most significant forces that shaped the evolution of angiosperms. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of polyploidization is also important. It most often originates through unreduced gametes (less so through somatic polyploidization). Autopolyploids are the result of polyploidization within one species, or population, while the formation of allopolyploids is preceded by interspecific hybridization. Polyploidization also played a major role in the tribe Triticeae (Poaceae), which includes economically significant crops (wheat, rye, and barley). The taxonomy ofthe entire tribe, especially the generic concept, has been based on genomic concepts in recent decades. However, taxonomy is considerably complicated, particularly due to hybridization, or allopolyploidization. The result of allopolyploidization and even hybridization itself is a reticulate pattern, and it is not at all easy to determine the boundaries between taxa, even at the generic level. Triticum aestivum can be considered a model species for the study of allopolyploidy, both due to its economic significance and its origin through several rounds of hybridization events. Although allopolyploidy prevails, autopolyploidy can be encountered to a lesser...
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Temperature and relative humidity vertical profile in atmosheric boudary layer by drone
Fedorenko, Mykhailo ; Hovorka, Jan (advisor) ; Bendl, Jan (referee)
The lower 200 meters of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is characterized by a high amount of atmospheric pollutants, whose distribution and transport can be predicted based on vertical profiles of specific physical parameters. Therefore, acquiring detailed vertical profiles in this range is essential. Traditional methods of measuring vertical profiles are not fully applicable in the context of the SL range. Radiosondes are not designed for frequent measurement of vertical profiles within 200 meters, and remote sensing methods often lack the spatiotemporal resolution needed for detailed measurements of such profiles, can monitor only certain parameters, have specific operational characteristics, and are associated with high costs. In contrast to these methods, the use of a drone as a mobile platform offers advantages in the form of high spatiotemporal resolution and the ability to profile at short intervals, which enables the capture of detailed dynamics of vertical profiles within 200 meters. In this work, using the DJI Air 2s drone equipped with an iMet-XQ2 sensor, measurements of temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) vertical profiles were conducted. The drone's vertical ascent speed was approximately 1 m/s, so measuring a profile up to 120 meters typically took about 120 seconds, with...
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Molecular mechanism of 14-3-3 protein dependent regulation of caspase-2
Kalábová, Dana ; Obšilová, Veronika (advisor) ; Pavlíček, Jiří (referee) ; Žáková, Lenka (referee)
Molecular mechanism of 14-3-3 protein dependent regulation of caspase-2 Abstract Caspase-2 is a protease standing apically in the cascade of reactions leading to apoptosis. Properly functional apoptosis eliminates damaged cells, autoreactive lymphocytes or redundant groups of cells in ontogeny. The process of caspase-2 activation must be precisely regulated. One of the described ways of caspase-2 regulation causing its inhibition is posttranslational modification phosphorylation with subsequent binding of the regulatory scaffold protein 14-3-3. The aim of this dissertation is to explain the molecular mechanism of this regulation. To understand the interaction between the proteins, it was necessary to first identify the phosphorylation sites in the caspase-2 molecule recognized by the 14-3-3 protein and then describe the detailed structure of the binding complex. The structure was characterized by a number of biochemical and biophysical methods, such as analytical ultracentrifugation, native electrophoresis in TBE buffer, polarization-fluorescence assay, hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry, or crystallization; and the results led to stimulating conclusions. Activation of caspase-2 begins with its binding to adaptor proteins, cleavage and dimerization of the catalytic subunits. The...
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Is vertebrate local biodiversity influenced by beaver activity?
Komár, Ondřej ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Uhlíková, Jitka (referee)
Beavers (Castor spp.) are ecological engineers and keystone species thanks to their ability to significantly modify the landscape to suit their ecological needs. Beaver, however, do not only create suitable habitats for themselfs, but as well for the whole spectrum of other vertebrate species and thus they increase local species richness. Currently there are only two extant species of beaver, European beaver (Castor fiber) and North American beaver (Castor canadensis), but they do not differ in their ability to modify the local landscape under the same ecological conditions. The construction of a beaver dam on the water stream and the subsequent flooding of the landscape results in the creation of a beaver pond, which is suitable habitat for amphibians, freshwater turtles, water birds and shorebirds. Beavers also create suitable habitats for other semi-aquatic mammals such as muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) and Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra). The efect of beaver activity on the local richness of fish species is complex and depends on the water stream characteristics, such as the stream gradient. Beaver dams can also limit the movement of migratory fish to some extent, but the dams do not represents an absolute migration barrier. Beaver do not just affect vertebrate communities inhabiting aquatic...
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Fetal DNA circulating in maternal plasma and possibilities of its genetic analysis
Soukalová, Adéla ; Korabečná, Marie (advisor) ; Vodička, Radek (referee)
Cell free DNA is short, fragmented DNA found in plasma and serum, into which it is released by various mechanisms. It was first identified in body fluids of cancer patients and soon became a biomarker for non-invasive diagnostics. Soon after, the presence of fetal cfDNA in maternal plasma was detected and became the subject of clinical utility. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis is a screening method that helps to determine the likelihood of birth defects early in pregnancy, specifically using fetal cfDNA. The final results are determined by invasive methods such as aminocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis carry a risk of fetal loss of less than 1 %. Despite this low risk, scientists are constantly striving to improve non-invasive methods that can detect aneuploidies such as Down's or Edwards syndrome, as well as determine the sex of the fetus, monogenic diseases and the Rh factor. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or next-generation sequencing methods are used for detection.
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An identification of selective antagonists of constitutive androstane receptor
Ondraszková, Karolína ; Smutný, Tomáš (advisor) ; Pourová, Jana (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Karolína Ondraszková Supervisor: PharmDr. Tomáš Smutný, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: An identification of selective antagonists of constitutive androstane receptor The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is an important ligand-regulated xenosensor that regulates the transcription of important drug biotransforming enzymes (e.g. CYP2B6). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) belongs to the same family of nuclear receptors as the CAR. The structure and function of both receptors share many common features. However, PXR has a larger and more flexible ligand-binding domain. At present, a selective, highly potent and non- toxic inhibitor of CAR is not practically available. This work aims to determine the affinity of previously identified compounds in our group with antagonistic activity towards CAR. This is a replication study. For this purpose, we tested the compounds using gene reporter and two-hybrid assay. Of all the tested substances, we obtained desired results with substance 1A. Using the gene reporter assay method, we found that substance 1A can reduce basal CAR expression but also suppresses CAR activity induced by the model agonist CITCO. The high affinity of the substance for the...
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Effect of the number of lipid layers on the properties of thin films as skin barrier models.
Bělochová, Šárka ; Pullmannová, Petra (advisor) ; Paraskevopoulou, Anna (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biophysics and Physical Chemistry Mentor: Mgr. Petra Pullmannová, Ph.D. Student: Šárka Bělochová Title of Thesis: Effect of the number of lipid layers on the properties of thin films as skin barrier models The uppermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), primarily serves a barrier function that is essential for human survival on dry land. The SC is composed of flattened dead cells, corneocytes, which are surrounded by an extracellular lipid matrix. The composition and arrangement of SC lipids are closely related to the proper structure and function of the skin, and their disruption can lead to the development of certain skin diseases. The study aimed to determine the effect of the number of lipid layers on the properties of thin films as skin barrier models. The method used for the preparation of the models was the deposition of thin films by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Mono-, tri- and five-layer models were prepared. The deposited sample was a mixture simulating the composition of skin lipids and containing ceramides, cholesterol and a mixture of fatty acids in a molar ratio of 1:0.45:1. These models were then evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman microspectroscopy. During the experiments,...
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Legal regulation of provision of spiritual care to members of the Police and Fire Brigade and to victims of crimes and disasters
Suk, Rudolf ; Horák, Záboj (advisor) ; Tretera, Jiří Rajmund (referee)
Legal regulation of the provision of spiritual care for the benefit of members of the police, fire brigades and victims od crime and disasters Abstract This thesis deals with the legal regulation of the provision of spiritual care for the benefit of members of the police and fire services and victims of crime and disasters. The aim of the thesis was to analyse the legislation, treaties, as well as other legal acts currently in force in the Czech Republic, which regulate the provision of spiritual care to the above mentioned groups and, based on a comparison with other European countries, to identify theoretical models of legal regulation of the provision of spiritual care and the possibilities of their application in the implementation of spiritual care in some public institutions of the Czech Republic. The legal regulation of the provision of spiritual care to the above-mentioned groups is insufficient in the Czech Republic. Spiritual care for members of the Fire Brigade and victims of disasters is provided only externally on the basis of the personal involvement of some clergy and other entities and any legal regulation of the provision of spiritual care to victims of crimes is lacking. Concrete steps, formulated in the conclusion of the thesis, which could be taken by the Czech Republic, the Police of...
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