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Mechanisms responsible for sex bias in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases
Ráček, Vojtěch ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Ciferská, Hana (referee)
Studies have shown that women typically have stronger immune responses than men. This can also make them more susceptible to autoimmune diseases, with females comprising 80% of autoimmune patients. In women, one X chromosome is epigenetically silenced through a process called X chromosome inactivation. However, some immune-related genes located on the X chromosome, such as TLR7 and CD40L, may escape this silencing process in certain cells or tissues. This can result in a sex-biased expression that contributes to the development and susceptibility of autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjögren's syndrome. Another interesting factor that explains this sex bias is lncRNA XIST, which is a primary regulator of the inactivation process. It plays a crucial role in lupus development and creates an XIST ribonucleoprotein complex with proteins that help establish a repressed chromatin state on the inactivated chromosome. Importantly, many of these proteins are autoantigens in various autoimmune diseases and may serve as clinical markers for the diagnosis of these conditions. While microbiome and sexual hormones also play important roles, the focus remains primarily on XIST RNA and escape genes. Keywords: autoimmune disease, sex bias, X chromosome, escape genes, lncRNA XIST, sexual...
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The role of infection of HPV and EBV in the etiology of nasopharyngeal and cervical carcinoma
Machů, Jakub ; Vojtěchová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Španielová, Hana (referee)
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) and Epstein-Barr viruses (EBV) are common DNA viruses that contribute to the development and progression of tumours. These two groups of viruses are associated with more than 600,000 cases of newly diagnosed tumours of different anatomical locations annually. However, carcinogenesis is not a part of their normal productive life cycle. High risk HPV infections are mainly associated with head and neck tumours and anogenital cancers. EBV infections are associated with a range of acute or chronic diseases and tumours, with Burkitt's lymfomas (BL), Hodgkin's lymphomas (HL) and nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) being the most prominent. In recent years, it has been hypothesized that EBV infections may be involved in the development of cervical cancer in woman and that HPV infections may play a role in the development of NPC. The aim of this thesis is to characterize above mentioned groups of DNA viruses and to summarize currently available information about the potential role of these viruses in nasopharyngeal and cervical carcinomas. Key words: human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical carcinoma
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Molecular mechanisms of heat stress memory in plants
Zelená, Julie ; Hála, Michal (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Global warming is one of the main factors contributing to the decline in crop yield and overall plant biodiversity. Increasing surface temperatures of the Earth result in heightened demands on plant to cope with heat stress. Heat stress causes various damages to plants, primarily denaturation of cellular proteins, loosening of biomembranes, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Plants cells defend against heat stress through lipid remodeling of membranes, increased production of ROS scavengers, and primarily increased production of heat shock proteins (HSP), which are molecular chaperons maintaining proteins properly folded even at temperatures that would otherwise cause denaturation. Plants have developed mechanism to cope with recurring heat stress, such as heat waves, that is referred to as acquired thermotolerance and is enabled by the plant's ability to undergo stress memory. Key to stress memory is priming, which involves preparing the plant for very strong heat stress by exposing it to milder heat stress beforehand. Following priming, there comes a memory period, that is also called recovery period, during which the cell maintains altered molecular expression and physiology. The mechanisms of heat stress memory are divided into transcriptional and post- transcriptional,...
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Effect of Sleep Education and Behavioral Techniques on Sleep and Emotional Regulation in Patients with Insomnia.
Smolková, Eliška ; Janků, Karolina (advisor) ; Horáková, Hana (referee)
This diploma thesis introduces the topic of a short-termed approach to treating insomnia. The theoretical part addresses healthy sleep and sleep assessment methods. It describes insomnia and a large part of the thesis is devoted to the treatment of this sleep disorder. The thesis introduces the relationship between emotional regulation and sleep. The aim of the empirical part is to investigate the effect of a short program dedicated to insomnia on sleep parameters (time in bed, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency), on the severity of insomnia and on difficulties in emotional regulation in individuals suffering from insomnia. The pilot research is examining the variables listed above before and after the programme. The results suggest significant changes in sleep parameters, insomnia severity and difficulties in emotional regulation after the programme. Limitations of the present study are discussed and recommendations for further research in the area of short-term therapies for insomnia are provided. Key words: insomnia; emotion regulation; behavioural approach; cognitive behavioural therapy
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Syndromes associated with numerical aberrations of gonosomes
Sluková, Kristýna ; Mrňáková, Hana (advisor) ; Trková, Marie (referee)
Before the offspring is born, multiple flaws in the DNA, that strongly influence its future life, can occur. These may include differences in the structure of the Chromosomes or their overall quantity. Deviations from the standard genetic attributes of those Chromosomes will cause anatomic and physiological changes on the specimen. These changes act in a repetitive manner if certain conditions are met and because of multiple combinations of symptoms, genetic syndroms with similar manifestations have been categorized and named. As these abnormalities occur in early pre-natal stages od the offspring's development, there is no way of preventing them, avoiding them or completely curing them.
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Development of sensitive determination of diclofenac using fluorescent properties of complexes with cyclodextrins
Pekařová, Ivana ; Sklenářová, Hana (advisor) ; Chocholouš, Petr (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of analytical chemistry Candidate: Ivana Pekařová Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Hana Sklenářová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Development of sensitive determination of diclofenac using fluorescent properties of complexes with cyclodextrins This experimental thesis deals with the development of a sensitive determination using the formation and detection of a complex consisting of an active substance and cyclodextrin (CD) using sequential injection analysis (SIA). A spectrofluorometer was used for subsequent detection. The tested biologically active substance was diclofenac in the form of sodium salt. In the beginning the conditions for setting the spectrofluorometer, namely the appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths, which were 364,5 and 290 nm, slit size and detection sensitivity were found. After that, 13 CDs were used in order to find the appropriate type and ratio of CD with diclofenac so that the measured fluorescence intensity differs from the intensity of CD alone. This testing divided the CDs into 4 groups. When testing the stability of selected complexes, the increase or decrease in fluorescence intensity over time was monitored to ensure the formation of complexes with CD. SIA was used to automate the determination,...
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A high-temperature LC-MS method for bottom-up proteomic analyses with reduced artifacts
Starovoit, Mykyta ; Lenčo, Juraj (advisor) ; Sklenářová, Hana (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Analytical Chemistry Candidate: Mykyta Starovoit Supervisor: PharmDr. Juraj Lenčo, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: A high-temperature LC-MS method for bottom-up proteomic analyses with reduced artifacts Proteomic bottom-up LC-MS analyses need more efficient chromatographic separation to keep up with the advances in mass spectrometry and fully exploit the potential of state-of- the-art MS instruments. Elevation of column temperature represents one of the most powerful and cost-effective means for improvement of separation performance. However, high temperature also promotes in-column modification of peptides, putting a spoke in the wheel of sophisticated proteomic analyses. The current method aims to minimize the formation of temperature-related artifacts via a novel high-flow trap-elute setup with differential column heating. The trap-elute setup reduces the time peptides spend in the heated separation column, resulting in fewer generated artifacts. This mitigates an important drawback of the high column temperature. At the same time, it does not diminish its positive effect on the separation performance. Consequently, the utilization of the elevated column temperature becomes more profitable. The proposed method reduced the artifact abundance...
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Neurological effects of endocrine disruptors
Ondráčková, Simona ; Brožka, Hana (advisor) ; Vítků, Jana (referee)
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Assessment of visual short-term memory binding and its role in the identification of subtle memory decline
Borovská, Šárka ; Horáková, Hana (advisor) ; Michalec, Jiří (referee)
The concept of memory binding appears to be auspicious for identification of subtle memory decline in early stages of Alzeheimer's disease (AD). Visual Short-Term Memory Binding Test (VSTMBT) is an experimental test of short-term visual memory binding, it assesses the binding condition (shape+colour) along with the control condition of short-term memory (shape only). Although the results of the current studies seem promising, a number of limitations are present (different versions of the test, small sample size, familial vs. sporadic form of AD, etc.). In this thesis, the VSTMBT was administered to a comprehesively defined sample of people without dementia from the Czech Brain Aging Study (N=161). When comparing the groups using analysis of variance with subsequent post hoc tests, it was found that the group with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, n=56) performed the lowest compared to the group with subjective cognitive decline (SCD, n=60) and to the cognitively normal volunteers (CN, n=45). When controlling for the effect of age and gender, these differences persisted (aMCI < KN; aMCI < SCD) in the memory binding condition (for the two-item version). The performance of the SCD group did not differ from the KN. In the subset of patients with available biomarkers, performances were compared...
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Knowledge of paramedical personnels in the areas of prevention and care of pressure ulcers
Rosová, Magdaléna ; Hromádková, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Nikodemová, Hana (referee)
The bachelor thesis "Knowledge of non-medical nursing staff in the field of prevention and treatment of decubitus" deals with the general knowledge of nurses in the field of prevention and treatment of decubitus in the internal and surgical wards of Motol University Hospital. Decubitus represents a widespread and increasingly topical problem in hospitalized patients, where it is essential that non-medical nursing staff are oriented in this area and know the latest trends in prevention and treatment. The aims: The aim of the study is to determine the level of knowledge of nurses in the field of treatment and prevention of decubitus working at the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery of the 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and Motol University Hospital and the 3rd Surgical Clinic of the 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and Motol University Hospital. The methods: To collect data for the empirical part, a quantitative survey was conducted using a non-standardized questionnaire. The target group was all nurses working in the standard ward and intensive care unit, the Internal Medicine and Surgery Clinics of the 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and Motol University Hospital and the 3rd Clinic of the 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University and Motol University Hospital....
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