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Concept of universal service in telecommunications in the European Union
Kondratenko, Ivan ; Cahlík, Tomáš (advisor) ; Adam, Tomáš (referee)
This thesis provides analyses of universal services in telecommunication; their meaning, approach in different countries, composition, legislation and possibilities of financing at the Europe Union level. In the first part of this work "universal service" is presented, it's definition, ways of financing this service and its components. EU legislation related to universal service is also discussed in this part. The second part of this work focuses on comparing the different approaches of EU members to universal service. In the following two chapters there is an analyses of related low compounds of universal service and methods of financing it in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Following chapter talks about broadband as a possible new element to be included into the concept of universal service. In the conclusion, perspective of the future and results of this work are presented. Universal service is not valued in lots of countries, as regulation of telecommunications is cut down and involving broadband in universal service would be meaningless with respect to the almost perfect covering of the European Union. The aim of this bachelor thesis is the provision of a global outlook to the issues of universal service and analyses of it's components in the European Union.
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Rule-of-thumb consumers in the New Keynesian framework
Adam, Tomáš ; Baxa, Jaromír (advisor) ; Čech, Jan (referee)
iv Abstract This thesis investigates the effects of government spend- ing on aggregate economic variables in the Czech Republic. The standard RBC and New Keynesian models assume only forward-looking households despite the evidence of a sig- nificant fraction of non-optimizing households. These mod- els do not provide reasonable predictions for the response of consumption: both models predict its fall following a gov- ernment spending shock. Therefore, a variant of the New Keynesian model, where rule-of-thumb households coexist with optimizing households, is used for the analysis. We have found that fiscal policy has a positive impact on output, although government spending multiplier does not exceed one. Also, the impact on consumption is positive for several periods following a fiscal spending shock, which is consistent with the evidence. JEL Classification: C32, E32, E62 Keywords: fiscal policy, fiscal multipliers, fiscal VAR, rule- of-thumb consumers
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A pathogenity of adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
Zikánová, Marie ; Kmoch, Stanislav (advisor) ; Adam, Tomáš (referee) ; Valík, Dalibor (referee)
Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) is an enzyme acting in two pathways of purine nucleotide metabolism. Mutations in ADSL gene compromising the enzyme activity lead to an inherited metabolic disease with severe neurological involvement - ADSL deficiency. Three distinct clinical phenotypes can be distinguished based on onset and severity of symptoms. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to the development of symptoms and underlying the phenotypic heterogeneity are unclear. The main pathogenic effect is attributed to the toxic effects of accumulating succinylpurines (SAdo, SAICAr). Their concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid, particularly diverse SAdo/SAICAr ratio, do correspond with the phenotypic groups. It is hypothesized that it may result from a mutation specific and thus structural related non-parallel loss (or gain) of enzyme activity towards one of its substrates. The main goal of the thesis is to seek for biochemical and structural basis of the diverse SAdo/SAICAr ratios and thus explain a pathogenetic mechanism of ADSL deficiency.
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A contribution to analysis of molecular basis of selected lysosomal disorders
Hřebíček, Martin ; Elleder, Milan (advisor) ; Macek, Milan (referee) ; Adam, Tomáš (referee)
4 Conclusion As discussed before, lysosomď disorders can provide clues about the function of a deÍicient protein and about important cellular mechanisms. Because of that it is worthwhile to study patients with these rare disorders and learn from complex disease manifestations at biochemicď, morphologicď and molecular levels. This thesis is accompanied with papers on sphingolipidoses, the most frequent group of lysosomď disorders, and a mucopolysaccharidosis. The core of the thesis is anďysis of the molecular causes of diseases in relation to clinical manifestations. There is a practicď application to that, because enzyrne replacement therapy, an effective, but extremely expensive treatment, is avďlable for severď of lysosomď storage disorders. Prediction of the future severity of the disease can identiý patients, who can benefit most from the treatment. There is a trend to preventive treatment which can stop development of irreversible changes in the patients tissues. Because of excessive costs of the treatment even the richest countries do not treat ďl patients with these diseases. In Fabry disease we have shown for the first time that X-inactivation influences the severity of the disease in heterozygous femďes. Analysis of irractivation has a potentiď to become a predictive test in Fabry femďes - this,...
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Molecular genetic and biochemical studies of selected inherited metabolic disorders, development and applications of new methods
Mušálková, Dita ; Hřebíček, Martin (advisor) ; Adam, Tomáš (referee) ; Macek, Milan (referee)
Inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) form a diverse group of several hundred different diseases with a relatively high cumulative incidence (stated up to 1:600). They are associated with accumulation of the substrates and lack of the products in specific metabolic pathways, which is caused by deficiency of the enzyme or its activator, or dysfunction of the transport protein. However, the underlying cause is at the DNA level. The grounds for different phenotype manifestation in patients with the same genotype are often not known. During my work at the Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, I designed several new methods for the research of IMD and applied them in the patients and their families. I created procedures for the isolation of lysosomal membranes that are used for the research of lysosomal storage disorders and general properties of lysosomes. Next, I introduced several novel assays for determination of the X-inactivation ratio, which led to a significant increase of informative women. Nowadays, we use these methods in heterozygous women with X-linked diseases in order to study the influence of X-inactivation on the manifestation of the diseases. The cases of a girl with mucopolysaccharidosis type II, a girl with OTC deficiency and a family with the mutation in HPRT1 gene are described...
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The Impact of Financial Variables on Czech Macroeconomic Developments: An Empirical Investigation
Adam, Tomáš ; Plašil, Miroslav
This paper investigates empirically to what extent financial variables can explain macroeconomic developments in the Czech Republic and how the results are sensitive to some (usually reasonable or routinely made) modeling choices. To this end, the dynamic model averaging/selection framework is applied to a universe of (potentially large) time-varying parameter VAR models, which allows one to assess the explanatory power of financial variables at each point in time. Based on a set of 27 competing models and an extensive ensemble of alternative specifications of those models, we find that financial variables were particularly relevant in explaining developments in the lead-up to and during economic downturns. By contrast, in tranquil times, models containing only traditional macroeconomic variables explained macroeconomic dynamics reasonably well. Within the broad set of financial variables considered, credit to the private sector, bank profitability, and leverage seem to be among the most relevant indicators.
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Risk Aversion, Financial Stress and Their Non-Linear Impact on Exchange Rates
Adam, Tomáš ; Benecká, Soňa ; Matějů, Jakub
This paper shows how the reaction of selected emerging CEE currencies to increased uncertainty depends on market sentiment in a core advanced economy or even on the global scale. On the example of the Czech koruna, a highly stylized model of portfolio allocation between EUR- and CZK-denominated assets suggests the presence of two regimes characterized by different reactions of the exchange rate to increased stress in the euro area. The “diversification" regime is characterized by appreciation of the koruna in reaction to an increase in the expected variance of EUR assets, while in the “flight to safety" regime, the koruna depreciates in response to increased variance. We suggest that the switch between regimes may be related to changes in risk aversion, driven by the actual level of strains in the financial system as captured by financial stress indicators. Using the Bayesian Markov-switching VAR model, the presence of these regimes is identified in the case of the Czech koruna and to a lesser extent in the case of the Polish zloty and the Hungarian forint. We find that a slight increase in euro area financial stress causes the koruna to appreciate, but as financial market tensions intensify (and investors’ risk aversion increases), the Czech currency depreciates in response to a financial stress shock.
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Global Economy Outlook - June 2014
Komárek, Luboš ; Babecká Kucharčuková, Oxana ; Adam, Tomáš ; Novotný, Filip ; Klíma, Milan ; Benecká, Soňa ; Hošek, Jan
Výhledy HDP, inflace, předstihových ukazatelů, úrokových sazeb, měnových kurzů a cen komodit. V rámci rubriky „Zaostřeno na…“ obsahuje zpráva analýzu "Roční vyhodnocení předpovědí obsažených v GEVu".
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Global Economy Outlook - April 2014
Komárek, Luboš ; Babecká Kucharčuková, Oxana ; Adam, Tomáš ; Novotný, Filip ; Klíma, Milan ; Benecká, Soňa ; Dušperk Raková, Marie ; Hošek, Jan
Výhledy HDP, inflace, předstihových ukazatelů, úrokových sazeb, měnových kurzů a cen komodit. V rámci rubriky „Zaostřeno na…“ obsahuje zpráva analýzu Heterogenita finančních podmínek v zemích eurozóny.
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Global Economy Outlook - March 2014
Adam, Tomáš ; Babecká, Oxana ; Benecká, Soňa ; Duršpek Raková, Marie ; Hošek, Jan ; Klíma, Jan ; Komárek, Luboš ; Novotný, Filip ; Žďárek, Václav
Výhledy HDP, inflace, předstihových ukazatelů, úrokových sazeb, měnových kurzů a cen komodit. V rámci rubriky „Zaostřeno na…“ obsahuje zpráva analýzu Dopady finanční krize na vývoj cenových úrovní v zemích Visegrádské skupiny. Cílem tohoto dokumentu je koncentrovat informace aktuálních predikcí a výhledů mezinárodních institucí, vybraných centrálních bank a agentury Consensus Economics pro hlavní světová ekonomická teritoria (tj. eurozóna, USA, Čína) a německou ekonomiku, jakožto nejvýznamnějšího obchodního partnera České republiky.
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