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Involuntary Securitisation: The process of securitisation and social constructivism in Cyprus
Antoniou, Georgie ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
The following thesis will focus on the process of involuntary securitisation and the social construction of threats in the case study of Cyprus, a state torn in half by an ethnic conflict that has been present for forty years. Involuntary securitisation does not require a securitising actor to convince the audience that a referent object is under existential threat and accept the use of extraordinary measures to securitise it. As the audience, in the case study portrayed in this thesis, is already surrounded by what they perceive as existential threat, no negotiations are needed for them to allow extreme measures to be taken. An area that is also examined in this thesis is the process of desecuritisation and the reasons behind why it is difficult, if not impossible to achieve, in environments such as the case study examined. With evidence collected from Greek Cypriot newspapers, the author will answer research questions regarding the centrality of the conflict and its contribution to the creation of involuntary securitisation process. A thorough analysis of securitisation processes and the construction of threats will be presented in this thesis with evidence to support the arguments made. A brief history of Cyprus and the Cyprus problem will be examined in this paper to provide a background of how...
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Influencing the Course of the Events: the NATO Military Intervention in Libya and the Expansion of the Islamic State in the Country
Colombo, Jonathan ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
On 17th March 2011, the UN Security Council approved the resolution number 1973 urging the Gaddafi regime to stop the use of military force against the anti-establishment rebels and authorizing the international community to establish a no-fly zone and to adopt all the necessary measures to protect the population. Consequently, an international coalition, formed by the US, the UK and France, began air military operations in Libya supporting the rebels. Such military intervention caused the capitulation of the regime and consistent economic damages to the country's infrastructures. Despite the regime change and the hope of establishing a new political order, the country faced a time of deep political, military and economic crisis. Therefore, the political situation deteriorated after the elections of 2014 when the exponents of the House of Representatives and the General National Congress started to fight each other in order to expand their political and military influence. The void of power left by the decline of the former regime, coupled with the dissolution of the Libyan Army, caused instability in the country and favoured the rise of extremist terrorist groups. In particular, the Islamic State found the perfect habitat to establish an operative branch in the country aiming at the control of...
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Cybersecurity and national resilience in Estonia
Nicol, Cameron ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Karásek, Tomáš (oponent)
This thesis is an attempt to analyse the relationship between the increasingly popular concept of national resilience and cybersecurity. National resilience is a concept that has permeated the security and policy making realms in recent times. This relationship is examined by using the Baltic nation of Estonia as a model due to the nation being regarded as the 'most digitally advanced in the world'. The main objective of the thesis is to investigate the relationship between cybersecurity and national resilience and discuss the implications of this relationship in the wider security context. The thesis begins by establishing if a nexus exists between the concept of national resilience and cybersecurity. In order to better understand the potential impact cyber security could have on a nation's resilience, it is important to establish the relationship between the two concepts. After the nexus is successfully established, the thesis then charts the development of the concept of resilience within the Estonian national security documents. The aim of this exercise is to demonstrate how the concept of resilience has been transformed over the years within an Estonian context while comparing its trajectory to the wider global trend of the concept. The research technique of content analysis is utilised to...
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Imperial Responsibility: The Exploitation of Indigenous Forces in Modern Empire Building
Bey IV, George ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
Wars involving either Russia or the United States have been a mainstay of the 20th and 21st centuries, since the end of World War II, in their search of hegemonic dominance over the international world order. This search for supremacy has generated numerous questions regarding whether Russia or the United States should be viewed as Empires. When the question of Empire arises it tends to focus on how the indigenous populations that reside in these war zones may be affected. However, the question of how indigenous forces are used as a way to examine if states accept or deny imperial responsibility/empire is not a widespread topic. Therefore, this thesis is intended to answer that question. In the process it examines three case studies per country. First, looking at Russia's case studies: Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Crimea. Second, examining the United States' case studies: Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan. The research conducted for this thesis has provided a number of key findings regarding both countries. It has demonstrated, on the one hand, that Russia has created a framework for imperialization, which can be tailor fitted to the socio-cultural landscape of any state they desire to add to their imperial body. Consequently, this state should instead be viewed as the Neo-Russian Empire; a state that...
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Between Defence and Offence: An Analysis Of The US "Cyber Strategic Culture"
Persoglia, Davide ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Karásek, Tomáš (oponent)
The present thesis deals with the US strategic approach and posture to cybersecurity from a national point of view. On such a topic much has been written already, nonetheless the present work finds a degree of originality by tackling such object of analysis shifting the focus to a ideational perspective. By drawing insights from the meta-theory of Constructivism and the rich research tradition on strategic culture, the present thesis aims at understanding what kind of norms seem to be informing/mirroring what has been labelled the US "cyber strategic culture", and if it is possible to speak of a "shift", or at least track an evolution regarding them, in a historical timeframe that runs from the early 2000s up to the present days. To pursue the stated research agenda, a methodology grounded in discourse and thematic analysis is utilised, with an analytical framework centred around two opposite "thematic normative categories" (themes) called "defensiveness" and "offensiveness", each characterised by a "story" made up by three sub-themes, delineating specific strategic behaviours. A set of official strategies, all tackling cybersecurity and published during the mentioned timeframe by both the White House and the military, form the primary sources to which such methodology is applied, with particular...
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Integration of Russia into liberal hegemonic security order
Kafka, Hugo ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Odintsov, Nikita (oponent)
Tato práce se zabývá pozicí Ruské federace v mezinárodním bezpečnostním systém po konci Studené války. Poté, co Studená válka skončila a Sovětský svaz se rozpadl, začal proces integrace Ruské federace do bezpečnostního řádu vedeného Spojenými státy, zkonstruovaného především po druhé světové válce. Tato práce sleduje vývoj tohoto procesu skrze zkoumání spolupráce Ruska se Západem vedeným Spojenými státy při řešení tří konfliktů, které představovaly svého druhu krize nového bezpečnostního systému i krize integračního procesu. Ve válkách v Bosně, Kosovu a Sýrii se Rusko potýkalo s problémem zaujetí vlastní pozice vůči Západu v mezinárodním systému nebo její aktualizace. Spolupráce i střety jsou sledovány hlavně ve vojenské, diplomatické a narativní sféře. Tato práce zaznamenává události, které jsou považovány za vypovídající o stavu integračního procesu. Je zjištěno, že ve válkách provázejících rozpad Jugoslávie se Ruská federace pokoušela získat mezinárodní prestiž konstruktivního aktéra v rámci mezinárodního společenství, ale v mnoha případech jí chyběla síla potřebná k dosažení jejích cílů, zvláště pokud k němu bylo zapotřebí postavit se do opozice vůči Spojeným státům a Západu. V období mezi Kosovskou válkou a Syrskou občanskou válkou zaujala Ruská federace asertivnější zahraničněpolitický postoj...
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US-Russia Relations and the Mass Media: The Representation of Vladimir Putin in the American Media
Alikina, Valeriia ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Ditrych, Ondřej (oponent)
Russian-American Relations and the Mass Media Securitization of Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump in the American Press by Valeriia Alikina This thesis is focused on two issues relevant to Security Studies and Political Science: relations between the Russian Federation and the United States of America, which are currently experiencing yet another decline, and problematics of political journalism. It reviews the process of securitization of Russia through speech acts in the mass media of its historical opponent, the United States. First, the thesis provides a theoretical framework, securitization theory, introducing its main principles. To prove that the process of securitization indeed occurs, the method of discourse analysis is employed. The third chapter provides background information on the relations between the Soviet Union/Russia and the United States since the end of the World War II; this information is completed by the role mass media had in their affairs. The next chapter frames the issue of propaganda, elaborating on the meaning behind this concept, the "fake news" narrative, and the idealistic idea of media objectivity. In the fifth chapter, the case study, two processes of securitization are reviewed. The first one is the American mainstream media, namely The New York Times and The...
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Postoj EU k diskriminaci Rohingyů v Barmě od roku 2011
Božinovová, Alexandra ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Bruner, Tomáš (oponent)
Cílem diplomové práce je zjistit postoj Evropské unie k diskriminaci Rohingyů v Barmě od roku 2011, kdy se země začala otevírat okolnímu světu. Během následujících let stát předložil řadu reforem, transformoval politické zřízení a uspořádal první demokratické volby. Jelikož Barma prošla značnými změnami, Evropská unie nejprve zmírnila a pak v roce 2013 zrušila téměř všechny uvalené sankce. Velkým problémem, před kterým Barma stále stojí, je porušování lidských práv, zejména práv Rohingyů. Metodologicky je práce ukotvena pomocí obsahové analýzy textu, která byla aplikována na širokou škálu dokumentů, ze kterých byla získána data pro analytickou část práce. Teoretický základ studie tvoří agenda-setting a salience. Tyto teorie byly použity pro stanovení dvou hypotéz práce, které zkoumají postavení této otázky na agendě EU a její důležitost. Z výzkumu vyplynulo, že největší míru pozornosti problematice věnuje Evropský parlament a dále pak EEAS. Naopak Evropská rada a DEVCO věnují otázce méně času. I přes veškeré snahy Unie a poskytnutou finanční, lidskou a materiální pomoc, ke zlepšení situace nedošlo a Rohingyové stále čelí porušování lidských práv a nejsou plnoprávnými občany Barmy.
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The fading face of the Chinese dragon? The dispute over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
Šumichrastová, Martina ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Karmazin, Aleš (oponent)
MARTINA SUMICHRASTOVA 10.5.18 The Fading Face of the Chinese Dragon? The Dispute Over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands ABSTRACT Keywords: the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, China vs Japan, The face of nation, two level game theory, Chinese Dream The emergence of the global-economic crisis of 2008 helped the People's Republic of China to acquire the status of the world's second-largest economy. Not only did it open the doors for more significant opportunities for China in the sphere of commerce, but it allowed the People's Republic of China to be seen differently in the matters of military, diplomacy as well as on their level of domestic politics. This thesis aims to provide an insight into a smouldering territorial dispute over the Senkaku/ Diaoyu Islands concerning the deeply enrooted concept of the face. The concept of the face is essential mainly for Confucian societies as well as the East- Asian societies. However, slipping of the Chinese Dream, the People's Republic of China seems to be challenged in socio-political terms. Is the face of Chinese Dragon fading away? As it is well known, both sides involved in the conflict, China, and Japan have had a turbulent history of disputes and quarrels. What makes the Chinese Officials to get involved in the territorial dispute, to strengthen the face of Chinese Dragon? The...
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Strategická role základny Diego Garcia od studené války do současnosti
Hřivna, Václav ; Karásek, Tomáš (vedoucí práce) ; Ludvík, Jan (oponent)
Tato diplomová práce se zabývá geostrategickou rolí základny Diego Garcia. Konkrétně je zkoumán chronologický vývoj této role od vybudování základny až do současnosti. Cílem práce je analýza rozsahu, motivace a příčin těchto změn stejně jako jejich bližší vysvětlení. Výzkum je teoreticky ukotven v publikacích admirála Alfreda T. Mahana, který se obšírněji věnoval problematice námořní velmoci, se kterou se budování základen úzce pojí. Kromě materiálního vývoje základny, který do určité míry reflektoval strategickou roli základny, je analyzován i regionální a globální kontext. Ten je důležitý k celkovému porozumění funkce, kterou základna pro Američany plnila. V neposlední řadě je věnována detailní pozornost i praktickému využití základny a jejímu zapojení do nejrůznějších operací, které reflektuje právě strategickou úlohu základny. Zároveň lze tímto způsobem doplnit dosud nezveřejněné strategické dokumenty vlád Spojených států, popřípadě Spojeného království. Na základě provedeného výzkumu se lze domnívat, že se původní role základny od jejího vybudování několikrát proměnila. Je ovšem velice obtížné určit, hlavní příčinu, která tuto změnu způsobila, ovšem velice pravděpodobně šlo o kombinaci několika různých faktorů.
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