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Ecotoxicological evaluation of biochar via organism Folsomia candida
Marcinko, Juraj ; Procházková, Petra (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to ecotoxicologically evaluate selected biochar samples and to assess, using a test organism, the possible long-term and short-term effects on soil invertebrates. One of the possible uses of biomass is to convert it into biochar with subsequent application to soil. Soil fauna may be affected after biochar application, therefore ecotoxicological tests in a contact arrangement were chosen. Folsomia candida was used as the test organism. Short-term effects were recorded through escape tests, specifically low abundance of organisms in samples (I) and (T). Significant preference of organisms was observed for sample (O). Samples (I) and (T) had a further impact on the survival of organisms and on the quality of reproduction, where in some cases this caused a resolute impact. Sample (O), at different concentration levels, had no effect on the test organisms. The results of these tests approximate how soil invertebrates could be affected after biochar application.
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Production and characterization of biochar derived from different kind of bran
Černíková, Eliška ; Kalina, Michal (referee) ; Pořízka, Jaromír (advisor)
The bachelor thesis was focused on production and characterization of biochar prepared from different sorts of bran. According to the philosophy of circular economy bran, the biproduct of flour production, was chosen for the production of biochar. This lignocellulosic material was walked through pyrolysis to broaden potential application. Biochar was prepared by slow pyrolysis and considering its properties multiple applications are possible. Biochar’s usage is limited by European Biochar Certificate. The theoretical part contains general description of biochar properties, requests of European Biochar Certificate and possible analytical methods. In the practical part process of biochar preparation and biochar characterization per chosen methods are described. Analysed properties were: specific surface, pH, particle size distribution, electrical conductivity, composition of elements and content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on measured data possible applications were recommended. Only biochar from rye bran fulfilled the strict criteria of European Biochar Certificate. However all of the prepared materials can be used in agriculture, except from rice bran biochar which according to EBC can only be used in material industry.
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Use of microwave pyrolysis products
Zdeňková, Petra ; Macsek, Tomáš (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the use of microwave pyrolysis products. The first part deals with microwave pyrolysis and the use of products from it in industry. The second part of the thesis describes the testing of the waste water sample from the municipal WWTP on a filter column filled with a biochemist. The aim of this thesis is to determine the efficiency of removal of selected microcomputers
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Study of the effect of fertilizer containing wheat bran on lettuce growth
Smrčková, Kamila ; Pořízka, Jaromír (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
The aim of the work was to perform growth experiments on a laboratory scale with soil, which was enriched with 2,5 vol. % of wheat bran/coffee grounds/biochar and to study soil and growth characteristics on Lactuca sativa L. The coffee grounds were added raw or modified by oxidation/extraction. Phytotoxic properties of coffee grounds were confirmed by germination tests, although there was an effort to reduce the content of phenolic substances by oxidation /extraction. Soil additives caused an increase in content of organic matter, water capacity, pH and conductivity of all mixtures compared to the control soil. Elemental analysis of soils before cultivation did not show any positive effect on the content of mineral elements compared to the control soil. On the other hand, higher mineral (P, Mg, Ca, K, Mn, Fe, Cu and Al) content compared to soil was recorded cultivation experiments. Chlorophyll a was the most abundant in cultivated plants and reached the lowest concentration in plants grown in a mixture with EXKS. Salads differed in mineral content, too. Salads with the highest content of phosphorus were growed on the mixture BU+OT+PŮDA. On the contrary, content of potassium is salads was negatively affected by mixture with EXKS. Microelements (Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Cr and Mn) were most affected in the salad by the addition of raw coffee grounds and OXKS2.
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Hydration of biochar prepared by using microwave pyrolysis of municipal sludge
Miklasová, Marta ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Kučerík, Jiří (advisor)
Microwave pyrolysis represents a possible solution of municipal sludge disposal. One of the final products of pyrolysis is amorphous porous carbon material called biochar, which can be used in agriculture as a soil amendment. As a rule, biochar is hydrophobic, but its addition can lead to an increase in water holding capacity. However, reasons of this improvement cannot be explained only by its high porosity. This thesis aims to contribute to the understanding the interactions between biochar and water under various environmental-relevant conditions such as direct water addition method and water adsorption from ambient air at different relative humidity. The thermo-analytical methods are common for investigation of the relationship between water and organic materials. One of these methods, differential scanning calorimetry, was used in this thesis. The first experiment was focused on measuring of melting enthalpy of freezable water in biochar pores. The results reflect the influence of pore size and properties of ice structure. The extrapolation of concentration dependence to zero enthalpy was used to determine non-freezing water (0,13–0,15 mg·mg-1 biochar), which reflects microporosity of the biochar. The second experiment was focused on the determination of evaporation enthalpy of water from biochar, which is a measure of the strength of water binding in biochar. This value indirectly reflects the mechanisms of the intake and release of water by biochar. Comparing the results for bound and pure water showed that in biochar is water bound weaker about 10–20 %. This led to conclusion that biochar binds water relatively weakly and the water exchange between biochar and soil is fast, despite the biochar hydrophobicity.
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Distribution of the Organic Matter in a Sample of Biochar
Novotný, Maximilián ; Enev, Vojtěch (referee) ; Kalina, Michal (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis is focused on characterization of the content and distribution of organic matter in a sample of biochar. For these purposes, the organic matter from a biochar sample was isolated using two procedures, specifically sequential chemical fractionation, and alkali extraction. Prepared samples were characterized by elemental analysis and thermogravimetry. Analysis results showed that sequential chemical fractionation brings higher yields than alkali extraction, moreover, it provides more detailed image of organic matter in biochar thanks to obtained separated fractions according to their linkage to the original biochar matrix. Secondly, studied biochar has a great potential as soil supplement, it contains almost 70 % of organic carbon, whilst isolated amount, which is available represent only small amount, the rest is strongly bound. On the other hand, the study showed that this specific biochar has rigid structure, which brings benefits in the context of using biochar in agriculture in long-term consideration.
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Analysis of organic substances present in biochar
Bača, Ondřej ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This master's thesis deals with the analysis of organic substances, which are present in biochar. Biochar contains a number of organic compounds, that can be toxic and also carcinogenic to living organisms. In order for biochar to be used to improve soil quality or to be used for other applications, its safety must be declared by European or international certifications. Relevant European and international standards have been created for the determination of organic substances, that could be present in biochar. The theoretical part of the thesis was focused on selected organic substances, the process of pyrolysis and thermochemolysis, biochar characterisation and the used analytical methods. The experimental part of the thesis consisted of extraction with toluene and after that the determination of concentration of the 38 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was performed. Qualitative analysis was performed by two-dimensional gas chromatography. Biochar samples were also subjected to thermochemolysis method and then they were analysed on GC-MS again. In both analytical methods, a large number of substances from groups such as PAHs, carboxylic acids, amines, substituted naphthalenes etc. was found, as well as smaller number of eg. polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Activation of biochar from wheat bran
Sauchanka, Katsiaryna ; Kalina, Michal (referee) ; Pořízka, Jaromír (advisor)
This graduation work is devoted to the issue of biochar production from wheat bran and ways of its surface activation. The theoretical part summarizes information about biochar, its physico-chemical properties, production methods and surface modification options. It also contains description of EBC certificate, that sets requirements for biochar which is placed on the market. The practical part of the work focuses on activating of the biochar surface and comparing the results with the available literature and European biochar certificate.
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Risks associated with the use of biochar in the terrestrial ecosystem
Valeeva, Adeliia ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to assess the ecotoxicity of biochar produced from sewage sludge in Ingolstadt. Biochar is one of the carbon storage options and it’s applied to the soil. Biochar has an effect not only on the terrestrial ecosystem in direct contact of organisms with the sample, but also on aquatic in the leaching of substances from biochar into water. Therefore, contact and aquatic tests were chosen to assess the ecotoxicological effect. The representative of the decomposers was the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the primary producer – the plant Lactuca Sativa and the Daphnia magna was chosen from the aquatic organisms. The test results differed slightly, but the lowest negative effect on the test organisms was shown by soil samples with the addition of 5 g/kg and 10 g/kg granular biochar.
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Study on the Effect of Biochar Application on Organic Matter in Soil
Kurková, Marie ; Sovová, Šárka (referee) ; Kalina, Michal (advisor)
This bachelor thesis studies the effect of the application of biochar on the composition of organic matter of two different soil samples. Specifically, the total content of organic matter in the soil and the ratio of humic and fulvic acids in these soils before and after the application of biochar were monitored. The composition of the soil mass was also observed thermogravimetrically and by using the certified method of humic and fulvic acids isolation from samples of studied soils. Furthermore, the effect of biochar on the growth of a model plant (maize – Zea mays) was observed. From this point of view, differences in plant growth were possible to observe from the beginning of the experiment, both in comparison with samples with and without biochar and in comparison with samples containing different doses of biochar. The type of soil used for cultivation experiments also influenced on plant growth.
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