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Biting midges as vectors of infectious diseases and their distribution in CR
Galková, Zdeňka ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
Tiplíci (rod Culicoides) jsou drobný krevsající hmyz (Diptera) patřící do čeledi Ceratopogonidae. Vyskytují se po celém světě a jsou známí zejména pro svůj medicínský a veterinární význam. Působí jako trapiči a přenašeči onemocnění člověka i hospodářských zvířat. V současné době představují tito dvoukřídlí aktuální problém v souvislosti s šířením onemocnění zvaném katarální horečka ovcí, působeného Bluetongue virem a přenášeného tiplíky. Toto onemocnění se od roku 2006 rozšířilo v podstatě po celé Evropě včetně ČR, kde byl první případ zaznamenán na podzim roku 2007. Na území ČR probíhá od roku 2008 monitoring přenašečů a tato práce shrnuje výsledky tohoto projektu za první dva roky. Během let 2008 a 2009 bylo odchyceno cca 200 tisíc jedinců rodu Culicoides náležící ke 31 druhům, z nichž 3 druhy nebyly doposud na území ČR zaznamenány. Dále proběhla detekce patogenů tiplíků, která u nich potvrdila výskyt jednohostitelských trypanosomatid z rodů Herpetomonas, Crithidia a Wallaceina a několika druhů vícehostitelských trypanosomatid (rod Trypanosoma). Zároveň byli v tiplících zaznamenáni zástupci parazitických červů (Mermithidae). Okrajově jsme se zaměřili i na parazity koutulí (podčeleď Psychodinae), u nichž jsme detekovali zástupce jednohostitelských trypanosomatid a parazitických nálevníků. KLÍČOVÁ...
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Whole-genome analysis of the house mouse hybrid zone
Janoušek, Václav ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Choleva, Lukáš (referee) ; Chan, Yingguang Frank (referee)
Hybrid zones provide a valuable opportunity to study the process of speciation in real time. Untested combinations of genes from diverging populations come to the contact here causing a breakdown of genetic interactions and giving rise to reproductive isolation. Two house mouse subspecies (Mus musculus musculus/Mus musculus domesticus) form a narrow zone of secondary contact across Central Europe which is thought to be maintained by a balance between selection against unfit hybrids and dispersion of individuals. During my PhD study my collaborators and I used an array of ~ 1400 SNP markers to study patterns of introgression on a genome-wide scale across two/three house mouse hybrid zone transects. Our aim was to identify the genomic regions putatively harboring genes which are involved in the reproductive isolation between the two subspecies, characterize their distribution in mouse genome and assess genomic features associated with them. We were able to confirm on a genome-wide scale the importance of the X chromosome in the evolution of reproductive isolation. This chromosome exhibited introgression corresponding to strong negative epistasis and the patterns were consistent between transects pointing out to a common basis of reproductive isolation playing a role in two transects. Contrary to the...
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Positional cloning of the Hybrid sterility 1 gene: fine genetic mapping and evaluation of two candidate genes
Mihola, Ondřej ; Trachtulec, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee) ; Pravenec, Michal (referee)
Summaryofpublications 1. Positionalcloningof the Hybridsterility1 gene:finegenetic mappingand evaluationof twocandidategenes Hybridsteri|iýis one of the mechanismsof speciation.The Hybridsteriliý1 (HsÍí)genewasthefirstmappedmammaliangene.The geneaffectsfertiliýof male hybridsbetweencertainlaboratorystrains(suchas C57Bl/10)and Mus musculus musculusmiceby causinga breakdownof spermatogenesisat thestageof primary spermatocytes.|ntheprocessof positiona|c|oningoftheHsÍígene,Wegenerateda contigof bacterialartificialchromosomes(BACs)and subsequentlya lowcoverage sequenceof the candidateregionof the '12951/SvlmJstrain.New geneticmarkers narroweddown the HsÍíregionfrom 580 to 360 ki|obases.The productsof two genesfromthisregion,TATA-bindingprotein(Ibp)and proteasomesubunitbeta1 (Psmb1\,accumulateduringspermatogenesis.The proteinshave been described previouslyas having conservedC{erminal sequencesand species-specificN- termini.We eva|uatedthe candidacyof thesegenesfor Hsťíby a||e|icsequencing and by real-timereverse-transcriptionPCR of testicularmRNAs.The resultssuggest thatneitherthePsmÓí northe lbp genecausehybridsteri|ity.Thesing|enuc|eotide po|ymorphisms(SNPs)we havefound,was usedfor the hap|oýpeana|ysisof the HsÍíregion.
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Hybrid origin of beavers in Central Europe
Albrechtová, Alena ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Bryja, Josef (referee)
The aim of the master diploma work is to investigate origin of Czech populations and genetic variability of almost all Eurasian populations of the European beaver (Castor fiber). For our purposes we collected specimens from Czech populations, reintroduced population in Kirov district in Russia and all European and Asian refugia. At the end of the 19th century the species was on the verge of extinction due to overhunting, surviving only in eight isolated refugial areas. The population size at the end of the 19th century was estimated as 1 200 animals. The number of individuals has increased thanks to the legal protection and reintroductions. The current population size is estimated at 640 000. It is obvious that the populations of beaver have recently undergone severe bottleneck. Beaver was completely extirpated in the Czech Republic in the 18th century. Since the 80th of the 20th century beavers re-established in the Czech Republic due to migration from neighbouring countries and reintroduction programmes, however we knew only little about the origin of beavers in the Czech Republic. I showed that our beavers are derived from individuals in France, Germany, Norway and east Europe. Mitochondrial DNA of Castor canadensis has not been found in Czech beavers. I studied microsatellite loci (first use for...
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The impact of geography and subsistence on distribution of NRY haplogroups in Europe and Africa
Nováčková, Jana ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
Y chromosome is due to its special characteristics the ideal tool of archaeogenetic studies. Its diversity is influenced by several factors and I analysed two of them (geographical location and subsistence). I generated SNPs and STRs data from several loci of samples from Slovakia (156 samples, 5 regions) and sub-Saharan Africa, where I analysed samples of sedentary farmers (481 samples, 18 regions) and nomadic pastorals (405 samples, 16 regions). Slovakia is situated at the meeting point of two migration ways. First of them was spread from the east to the west and is associated with enlargement of haplogroup R1a in Europe. The second came from the Iberian Peninsula eastward and is associated with enlargement of haplogroup R1b. Results of MDS graphs replicate the geographical map of Europe. Slovakia is situated in the middle of Russian, Balkanian and Iberian samples. Correlation between genetics and geographic distances is indicated by hierarchical AMOVA analysis and Mantel tests. Populations in sub-Saharan Africa differ from each other by the subsistence pattern. Different life style influence the diversity of the Y chromosome. Nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers share different haplogroups, for example, while haplogroup R1b was detected only in nomadic pastoral groups, sedentary farmers...
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Development of Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix) microsatellite markers
Vaněčková, Dominika ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Burri, Marta (referee)
The aim of this work was the construction of set of microsatellites for the Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix). I succeeded in isolation of seven new specific microsatellites. Another microsatellite markers were passed from close relative galliform species (Galliformes). On the whole I gained 18 microsatellite loci which were used for study of population charakteristics of three partridge populations from Stodůlky, Písecko and Milešín. The analysis showed conspicuous structuredness of these populations and surprisingly low values (less then 100) of their effective population sizes. Seven of the microsatellites were chosen for analysis of paternity. Indeed I found the evidence of extrapair paternity in this putatively monogamous bird. Finally I conclude, on the basis of sequenation of mitochondrial control region that our populations belong to the western linage of mitochondrial DNA.
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Haemoproteus in passerines: Prevalence and infekction dynamics
Chalupová, Barbora ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
The genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium are widespread genera of blood parasites from phylum Apicomplexa. Both genera have dixenous life cycle and their definitive hosts belong to the order Diptera. Both parasites can be found in birds where asexual division takes place. The infection with genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium is usually asymptomatic; during long lasting chronic phase relapses of the infection can occur. We gained 1 092 blood samples from 29 trapped species of passerines in Milovice forest during seasons 2017-2019. Haemosporidians were detected in 48 % of samples. The prevalence of genus Plasmodium was 16 %, the prevalence of genus Haemoproteus was 22 % and 10 % we could not specify the parasite. We have found six new lineages of genus Haemoproteus, provisionally named Haemoproteus lineages coccoc_1, coccoc_2, coccoc_3, coccoc_4, embcit, fricoe which total prevalence was 14 %. Lineage Haemoproteus sp. coccoc_1 was the most noticed one and its prevalence was 12 %. Plasmodium relictum clone Peng14-121Br2AF and isolate Cc_P1 was the second most prevalent (13 %). Infection dynamics was studied in samples gained in years 2014-2019. Forty individuals were examined between years and twenty-seven individuals were examined intraseasonally. Three individuals were trapped both intra- and...
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