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English past conditional and its Czech counterparts
Jansová, Cecílie ; Brůhová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
The present work studies the English past conditional and its Czech translation counterparts. English past conditional is formally described as consisting of the auxiliary verb would (or should) and the past infinitive. The structure carries the hypothetical meaning and is usually accompanied by a condition. The main aim of the present work is to analyze its Czech translation counterparts, among which are the Czech past conditional, present conditional and past indicative. Various aspects, which may influence the translation, are studied: the type of the hypothetical meaning of the English original, the time reference and the presence of the condition. In addition, attention is paid to the realization forms of the English condition. The analysis is based on 100 examples gathered from the parallel corpus InterCorp available through the Czech National Corpus website.
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Gender-neutral and gender-marked language
Zahradníková, Šárka ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Tichý, Ondřej (referee)
The present thesis deals with the issue of gender-neutral language. The initial part centres around the origin and development of this issue, which has caused a series of language changes in lexis and grammar. An object of long-term criticism is the natural inclination of the English language towards the default use of the masculine gender, which is reflected especially in areas such as traditional occupations, proverbs and collocations. The theoretical part also focuses on the classification and detailed description of grammatical and lexical means of expressing gender and explains the key terms. The practical part is carried out on the basis of the data from the corpus COCA, in which the distribution of premodifying gender markers with specific dual gender nouns was examined. The project primarily maps these linguistic means in contemporary American English.
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English postmodifiers in translation to Czech
Scholzová, Dagmar ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Čermák, Jan (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to compare the use of postmodifiers in an English source text and its Czech translation. 200 English postmodifiers are contrasted against their 200 Czech translation equivalents. These samples were excerpted from randomly chosen parts of four bilingual books written by British and American authors and translated by native speakers of Czech. 50 English samples and their translations were excerpted from each book. The 400 occurrences of postmodifiers and their equivalents are analyzed from a syntactico-semantic point of view, the aim being to determine the constancy of the syntactic functions of English postmodifiers in translation, as well as the constancy of their realization forms. The theoretical background part will present and compare postmodification and its realization forms in English and in Czech. The actual analysis of all 400 samples will examine both the frequency of individual postmodifier types in English, and the convergent and divergent realization forms of these in the Czech translation. Special heed will be paid to divergences arisen through different language facts, such as English non-finite verb forms or Czech case endings that enable nominal postmodification without a preposition. An attempt will be made to classify the non-postmodifying translation...
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English translation counterparts of Czech pronominal dative objects
Fišerová, Helena ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Popelíková, Jiřina (referee)
The objective of the present thesis is to analyse Czech pronominal dative objects and their English translation counterparts. The Czech dative case occurs both in an attached and in a non-attached syntactic variant and has several different semantic functions, which results in a variety of possible counterparts. This thesis focuses only on divergent counterparts, i.e. it excludes translations by means of a corresponding pronominal object or a to-phrase. The possible translation counterparts include the shift of the participant into subject, possessive pronouns, prepositional phrases introduced by for, on and other prepositions, omission, and other means of translation. The analysis was performed on one hundred examples, which were obtained from the Czech-English parallel corpus InterCorp. The examples are divided into categories according to the type of counterpart used, and analysed especially with regard to semantics.
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English participial clauses and their Czech translation counterparts
Mašková, Martina ; Malá, Markéta (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse and describe the Czech translation counterparts of English present- and perfect-participial clauses which function as postmodifiers and adverbials. Although there is a formal counterpart of the English participle - the transgressive - this form is considered very marked and archaic in Czech. Therefore, based on an analysis of 210 sentences excerpted from three American works of contemporary fiction, the thesis describes the recurrent patterns used in the translation of the forms in question. The analysis confirmed the findings of previous studies that while English prefers nominal and verbo- nominal means of expressions, Czech relies rather on verbal expression. The majority of the translation counterparts are divergent correspondences, above all finite clauses connected paratactically to the counterpart of the matrix clause. Although the translation of a participle by a finite verb form is more explicit, the coordinative relation makes it possible to retain the semantic indeterminacy of the relation between the clauses which is specific for participial constructions. Key words: participle, participial clause, transgressive, postmodifier, adverbial, translation counterparts
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Gerundial and ing-participial clauses in written and spoken academic texts
Pajmová, Klára ; Malá, Markéta (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
This Master's thesis deals with the gerund and -ing participial clauses in written and spoken academic texts. The theoretical part defines the academic discourse and non-finite verb forms. Gerund and -ing participial constructions are further described regarding their forms and syntactic functions. The sources used for the research part are two corpora of contemporary academic British English: BASE and BAWE. BASE corpus contains transcripts of academic lectures. BAWE corpus is a collection of university-level students' writings. Both corpora contain texts from four different genres and moreover students' assignments are divided into four levels of study. For the purpose of the research part of our thesis, only the genre "Arts and Humanities" and the highest level of study will be taken into account. The practical part analyses the frequency of gerund and -ing participial clauses, frequency of verbs occurring in these constructions and collocations of these verbs. A detailed analysis aims at studying 100 sentences from written texts and 100 sentences from academic lectures. This sample is examined regarding the internal structure of each non-finite clause and its syntactic function. The final section summarizes the results or our research.
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Finite and participial postmodifiers in spoken academic discourse: natural and social sciences
Škodová, Kateřina ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee)
The subject of the present study is a comparison of two postmodifying constructions in noun phrases - finite relative adnominal clauses with the subject gap and nonfinite participial clauses - in spoken academic discourse: natural and social science. The comparison is based on the fact that both constructions realize the same clause element, i.e. a postmodifier in a noun phrase. The aim of the present study is thus to present major characteristics and functions of finite relative clauses and their reduced counterparts with respect to their distribution across the two subregisters of spoken academic discourse. The study is divided into three main parts: the theoretical background (Chapter 2) which defines the major characteristics and functions of the two postmodifying constructions and their mutual relationship, as are presented in the literature; the main part (Chapters 3 and 4) which provides the analysis of finite relative clauses and participial postmodifiers; and conclusion in Chapter 5.
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English counterparts of Czech adverbs (expressing respect and measure)
Tomašovičová, Katarína ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Popelíková, Jiřina (referee)
The objective of the present thesis is to analyse divergent translation counterparts of Czech adverbs; i.e. those cases, where Czech adverbs are realised in English by other means than the corresponding word class of adverbs. The thesis focuses on the divergent counterparts of the Czech adverbs expressing respect and measure. The Theoretical part of this study presents an overview of morphology, syntax, and semantics of adverbs in both languages. The analysis of two hundred and eleven examples obtained from the Czech-English parallel corpus Intercorp is carried out in the empirical part. The divergent counterparts of six adverbs of respect and five adverbs of measure will be classified and analysed with regard to their word class, frequency, and semantics.
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English modals "may" and "might" and their Czech translation equivalents
Čuchalová, Marie ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Vašků, Kateřina (referee)
This BA thesis is concerned with the English modals may and might and their Czech translation counterparts. The theoretical section will briefly introduce the category of modality and its two basic subtypes: deontic and epistemic. It will also provide an overview of the formal features and meanings of the two modals. Apart from that, it will focus on the mutual relationship between the two modal verbs. Furthermore, it will touch upon the situation in Czech. The empirical part will present an analysis of 100 authentic Czech translation equivalents of may and might. The material will be drawn from the parallel corpus InterCorp, specifically from prose and drama. The main objective of this analysis is to examine the proportion of the Czech means of expressing the meanings of may and might (modal verbs, modal particles etc.)
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