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Mycotoxins in Brewing Materials and Beer
Běláková, Sylvie ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
The presented thesis deals with the issue of mycotoxins in brewing materials and beer. Attention was devoted mainly to the selected fusarium mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenol, T-2 toxin, and HT-2 toxin) ochratoxin A and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. The aim of the thesis was to optimize and validate analytical methods for the determination of the above mentioned mycotoxins in the brewing materials and beer. Analytes were separated using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass – spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (UPLC/FLR). These analytical methods were then applied for mapping the occurrence of fusarium mycotoxins in malting barley crops in the Czech Republic and monitoring the level of contamination with mycotoxins in malting and brewing industries. In addition, experiments studying over-foaming of beer were conducted as primary gushing – over-foaming of beer – is connected, similarly as mycotoxins, with the presence of microscopic filamentous fungi in the raw materials for beer production. Studies describing in detail these methods are part of this thesis (Annex I – V). From all published results, it is evident that the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals including barley is natural and cannot be completely prevented, not even if all conditions of correct agricultural practice are observed. It is known that some mycotoxins present in contaminated malting barley pass to the final product – beer due to their chemical and physical properties. However, the mycotoxin concentrations found do not mean any significant health risk for consumers.
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Ecotoxicological evaulation of polymeric substances
Milatová, Martina ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Polymers or their modifiers may become parts of a wide range of products. After the end of life cycle useful parts of the products are recycled but significant parts still become household waste. It´s therefore desirable not only by law on chemicals and chemical products, but also according to the requirements of European directive REACH, to assess the impact not only chemical but also the additives of all products or products themselves in terms of their impact on the environment. For these purposes it serves ecotoxicity tests, which allow prediction of the influence test compounds in the environment. In this diploma thesis were evaluated polypropylene modifiers, which are commercially produced. Use of ecotoxicity tests were evaluated maleic anhydride and itaconic anhydride effects on the environment. Alternative tests have been used for toxicity and namely Thamnotoxkit FTM the organism Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnotokit FTM the organism Daphnia magna. The phytotoxicity test groups were selected toxicity tests: Sinapis alba root growth inhibition toxicity test, Allium cepa L root growth inhibition toxicity test and Semi-chronic toxicity test on Lemna minor L. From marine toxicity tests was performed Acute inhibition test of brine shrimps Artemia salina.
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Application of Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection for the Assessment of Drug-residue Contamination of Wastewaters and Surface Waters
Lacina, Petr ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Sokol,, Jozef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is based on the current issue of increasing concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in various components of the environment. These new environmental contaminants continuously enter the environment. The most affected environmental component is the aquatic environment. This study is focused on the development and optimization of reliable analytical method, which can determine selected drugs in the aquatic environment (waste waters and surface waters) qualitatively and quantitatively. The target compounds were selected mainly from the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID): salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, caffeine, naproxen, mefenamic acid, ketoprofen and diclofenac. NSAIDs are one of the most used drugs in Czech Republic. For the final analysis of this study was used the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection Time-of-Flight (GCxGC-TOF MS). It is a very sensitive and reliable analytical method for trace and ultra-trace analysis. Simultaneously, solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization are optimized in this work. Optimized analytical method including SPE, derivatization with MSTFA (N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide) and final analysis by GCxGC-TOF MS were applied successfully for the analysis of real samples. Samples of waste water were collected from the waste water treatment plant in Brno – Modřice and samples of surface water were collected from two river streams Svratka and Svitava in Moravian region. The range of concentrations of selected drug residues varied from one to tens of g/L in wastewater and from tens to hundreds of ng/L in surface waters. The degree of wastewater and surface waters contamination by drug residues is assessed in conclusions of the work. Simultaneously, spontaneous degradation of selected drugs in water and removal efficiency of the wastewater treatment plant is assessed in conclusions of the work. The developed method is usable for monitoring and environmental analysis of water ecosystems. It is usable not only for selected drugs, but even for other organic compounds with similar properties.
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Analysis of tar formed by combustion of biomass
Chytil, Václav ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis is focused on the analysis of the tar formed during combustion of biomass. Samples of the tar were provided by Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology. BTEX, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes were chosen as groups of target compounds. Samples (tar solutions in acetone) were refined before the final analysis. In the case of BTEX and n-alkanes, only filtration and dilution were used. In the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, samples were filtered and then cleaned-up by column chromatography using silica gel. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was chosen as an appropriate analytical method for the determination of target compounds from selected groups of BTEX and n-alkanes. Target compounds from the group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS).
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Ecotoxicity of selected extinguishing agents
Konečná, Markéta ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The dynamic development of industry and the constant production of new substances affecting the environment is currently one of the priorities of the interests of the human population. This thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of selected extinguishing agent which are applied in case of fire. They must effectively extinguish fire because a live protection and material resources in any case very important, but Theky should be also environmentally friendly. In this work were tested surfactants, which are the main component of foaming extinguishing agent with the following commercial names: STAMEX F-15, F-15 EXPYROL, MOUSOL APS F-15, FINIFLAM F-15 and PYROCOOL B. Since surfactants have a negative impact mainly on aquatic ecosystem assessment were mainly used ecotoxicity tests using aquatic organisms. Test organisms were aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus aquatic dicotyledons plant Lemna minor and terrestrial monocotyledons plant Sinapis alba. Based on the results of the tests were values of LC50, EC50 and IC50 for the tested substances determined and their ecotoxicity compared.
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Impact assessment of ordinarily used firefighting agents on selected environmental compartments
Jabandžievová, Barbora ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of effects of the most frequently used extinguishing agents in the South Moravian region on selected aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Extinguishing substances which have been tested are foaming agents Sthamex and Moussol, rigid wetting agent TS ECO and TS Turbo and ABC FAVORIT fire - extinguishing powder. Their effects have been tested on aquatic organisms Daphnia magna and Scenedesmus subspicatus and terrestric organisms such as Folsomia candida, Lactuca sativa, and Eisenia fetida. Validation test on standard substances have been performed to verify the validity of the test results. From the obtained results values of IC50, LC50 and EC50 were calculated, through which the impact of individual extinguishing agents on the components of the environment was assessed.
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Determination of substances in phytopharmaceuticals
Ivanishchanka, Iryna ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
In the bachelor thesis, herbal teas, the main components of which are St. John's Wort and Lemon balm, were analyzed. The physiological properties, the chemical composition and the influence on human health were monitored. Thesis deals method of isolation and identification of essentials oils from out of selected teas to calm the nervous system. For isolation of essentials oils there are used methods solvent extraction, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and steam distillation, for identification there is gas chromatography (GC/MS). Isolation methods for obtaining essential oils from plant matrices were assessed and the most appropriate isolation techniques was determined by solid phase microextraction (SPME)
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Assessment of the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant using ecotoxicity tests
Urminská, Barbora ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The possibilities of environmental pollution control are increasing and more advanced wastewater treatment methods are being emphasized, as well as more specific control of contaminants presence in treated waters. That is why it becomes relevant to perform not only chemical analysis but also ecotoxicological bioassays as the means of evaluation of biological effects caused by wastewater discharges to ecosystems. No wastewater treatment plant is able to treat the water perfectly – it can only decrease the pollution level to an acceptable value. Therefore it is important to find out if the treatment process is sufficient to provide a satisfactory decrease of ecotoxicity and also what effects to the organisms in recipient will be caused by wastewater discharges. The thesis is focused on the evaluation of wastewater ecotoxicity. In the experimental part of the thesis, wastewater samples were collected at four wastewater treatment plants in the Czech Republic. At one of them also the sludge samples were taken. The aim was to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment by selected ecotoxicological bioassays. The results have shown that the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants with secondary treatment is sufficient to reduce acute toxic effects to the minimum. Average toxicity removal was over 80 % at three of four evaluated wastewater treatment plants. At the fourth WWTP it was 41 %, however, at this WWTP high efficiency of treatment is not necessary.
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Determination of selected drugs (beta-bloskers) in surface water
Kříž, Jiří ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor's thesis discusses the issue of pharmaceuticals in the environment. -blockers are one of the most prescribed medications with the most frequent detection in the environment. These compounds are clinically important drugs used to cure cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, arrythmia and angina pectoris. Due to their acute and chronic toxicity towards aquatic organisms it is important to monitor the concentrations levels. This study is focused on optimization of analytical method to determine these compounds. The matrix examined was a waste water from a waste water treatment plant (WWTP) Brno Modřice. A solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation of analytes in a waste water samples. A method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the UV-VIS detection using a diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used. Target analytes were atenolol, metoprolol and bisoprolol.
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