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Intensive composting technologies and their applications
Kuba, Petr ; Kučerík, Jiří (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with intensive composting. The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes information about the composting process and the possibilities of sanitation. The ability to sanitize is essential in the treatment of potentially hazardous biodegradable wastes. The theory also includes information on the preparation of the stockpile, the appropriate composition of materials and the influence of other factors - temperature, aeration rate and turning. It also explains the differences between manual and intensive composting technologies, gives examples of technologies and explains their principles. Last but not least, the advantages of applying compost to the soil are mentioned. The experimental part is devoted to the Multiferm device and the tests of the composting process carried out on this unit. The tests aim to find the optimal parameters for the whole composting process and to ensure the sanitation process. Although the parameters are influenced by several factors, the compost sanitation process is achieved in one of the tests.
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Vliv huminových kyselin na vybrané půdní charakteristiky
KLENOTOVÁ, Eva
Humic substances, especially humic acids, are classified among the so-called soil auxiliary substances that positively affect the quality of the soil. As part of the diploma thesis, humic acids were isolated from these sources. Their influence on selected soil characteristics was investigated, particularly the carbon content in different size fractions and the number of water-resistant macroaggregates. The experiment was conducted in the form of pot vegetation experiments. It was found that the highest content of organic carbon contained leonardite. On the contrary, the smallest amount was found in the compost. The influence of humic acids on the formation of macroaggregates was demonstrated by the method of dry and wet sieving. The best effects were achieved when humic acids from leonardite and peat were applied. In all variants of wet sieving, vegetation had a positive impact on the macroaggregate formation, which may result from the synergistic effect of humic acids and the activity of plant roots.
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Hodnocení vybraných fyzikálních vlastností půd u vinic
Málek, Libor
This diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of selected physical properties of soils in a vineyard. The site where the measurement took place was the Mendeleum complex in Lednice na Moravě, close to the Faculty of Horticulture of Mendel University in Brno. The experiment took place in the spring of 2019 and 2020. The investigated aspects were the measurement of soil penetration resistance and water infiltration into the soil. Penetrometric resistance was measured with an Eijikelkamp penetrologger machine and soil infiltration capacity with a SATURO dual head infiltrometer. The compared variants were grassed intermediate row, control in the form of black eel and black eel with the application of two different composts with a flat application and incorporation next to the awning belt. The results were graphically evaluated in the MS excel program.
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Porovnání vlivu aplikace biologického odpadu ze zpracování Jatropha curcas L. a kompostu na vybrané půdní ukazatele a pěstovanou rostlinu
Foltýnová, Anna
This Master's thesis is focused on problems of modern agriculture. Current agriculture is facing many problems that already exceed the production area. Among these belong soil degradation caused by inappropriate agricultural practices, erosion phenomena, etc. Both developed and developing countries have experienced these problems. This soil degradation is mainly caused due to lack of soil organic matter content. Current agriculture therefore faces the issue of how to solve this problem. A simple solution is based on increasing the content of the soil organic matter in arable land. In the first part, this thesis describes various problems of modern agriculture and also suggests possible solutions. Regarding to content of soil organic matter, the thesis proposes solutions in the form of compost application into the soil. Besides compost, thesis presents an alternative organic fertilizer Jatropha seed cake. Jatropha seed cake is produced as waste after oil extraction from seeds of Jatropha curcas L. In the first part both of these substrates are further described, along with characterization of Jatropha curcas L. The aim of this thesis was to compare the fertilizing effects of Jatropha seed cake with compost. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Application effect of Jatropha seed cake and compost on soil and plants was monitored at selected soil indicators. The results describe the impact of Jatropha seed cake and compost application on production of plant biomass, soil hydrophobicity rate, mineral nitrogen mobility and soil microbial activity.
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Vliv aplikovaného biouhlu na biologickou aktivitu půdy a růst vybrané zemědělské plodiny
Řezníček, David
In recent years, biochar has been extensively studied for its potential to significantly increase some of the soil characteristics and its ability to mitigate the effects of ongo-ing climate change through carbon sequestration. One of the most discussed issues regarding biochar is its impact on soil biological activity and crop growth. Therefore, we conducted a pot experiment with a model crop of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Soil samples were taken during the experiment to determine basal respiration (BR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR) and nitrous oxide (N2O) production. These values indicate biological activity of the soil. Ion exchange discs were placed under the pots to determine the amount of mineral nitrogen leached. In addition, nets with model cellulose were placed to the soil to determine the activity of decomposers. At the end of the experiment, parameters of plants growth were determined. The positive effect of biochar, which underwent a composting process, was observed only in the case with simultaneously applied mineral nitrogen. However, without applied mineral N, this positive effect did not occur, and the effect of the biochar was in some cases negative. If mineral nitrogen was applied, we observed an increased leakage from the system. The supply of organic matter (compost, biochar) has led to a reduction in these losses of mineral nitrogen from the agroecosystem. Measurement of basal and substrate-induced respiration confirmed an assumption that soils with sufficient organic matter content has a stable and well-developed active community of microorganisms, evenly supplied with the main biogenic nutrients.
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Kompostovací proces v Kompostárně Želivec, Agora, s. r. o.
Křapáčková, Klára
The bachelor thesis is entitled Composting process in the Composting Plant Želivec, AGORA s.r.o. The main subject of the work is the description of processes of biodegradable waste management, namely composting and an anaerobic digestion. Furthermore, composting, its principle, conditions, and possible places of use of this process and technology are being discussed in more detail. The result of the bachelor thesis is the characteristics and evaluation of the composting process in the Composting Plant Želivec, AGORA s.r.o., using a description of the technology, systems and equipment used. It is a combination of composting in a composting hall and a method of composting in belt piles in the open space.
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Education programs with theme "Life in the soil" for kindergartens
VACKOVÁ, Irena
This diploma thesis deals with educational programs for kindergartens with the theme "Life in Soil". The theoretical part deals with environmental education in kindergartens and its forms. Furthermore, it focuses on various aspects of the topic "Life in Soil", such as the properties of the soil, organisms we can find there, their characteristics, how to observe them and the definition of a compost. The practical part of the thesis describes educational programs and activities, children's motivation and overlap with other parts of the school educational program of preschool education, and also the necessary aids. It discusses specific forms of the activities - they should be rich in information, comprehensible, engaging all senses, using children's activity and creativity, strengthening their independent decision-making and thinking and, last but not least, entertaining. The diploma thesis presents two educational programs for kindergartens. The educational programs have already been organized several times and they have met with a positive response. The thesis brings proposals of everyday activities related to the topic "Life in Soil" for children in kindergartens reflecting various aspects of their education - the development of the senses, mathematical concepts, vocabulary, pre-reading literacy, graphomotoric skills, cognitive abilities and knowledge, as well as art and work activities, physical activities, outdoor activities and music and drama education. It also contains an evaluation of the past activities. The topic "Life in Soil" was chosen with respect to its overlap with natural sciences and environmental protection.
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Storing of manure, treated sludge and feed on agricultural land
Svoboda, Pavel ; Wollnerová, Jana ; Kozlovská, Lada ; Klír, Jan
Solid manure of various livestock, compost and, more recently, digestate separates may be deposited on agricultural land under certain conditions. The rules for their imposition are laid down by legislation. The methods of storing treated sludge and voluminous fodder, such as silage and hay, and the operation of feeding grounds on agricultural land are also determined by current legislation. Of the mineral fertilizers, it is possible to deposit on agricultural land only the calcium fertilizer (sugar bowl, fertilizers based on ground limestone). The methodology responds to the changes in legislation in 2020 and 2021, is based, among other things, on agricultural practice and provides comprehensive guidance for storing these materials and operating feeding grounds on agricultural land. It clearly describes all measures aimed at maintaining the quality of the material stored and reducing the risk of environmental pollution, in particular surface water and groundwater. It also recommends the possibility of reclamation after delivery of fertilizers, treated sludge, removal of feed and closure of the feeding grounds. Particular attention shall be paid to measures addressing the potential of sites in vulnerable areas identified under the Nitrates Directive Action Programme. Last but not least, the methodology also includes instructions for selecting a suitable place to store fertilisers, treated sludge and voluminous feed, or a place to feed, using data from the Land Register (LPIS) at the Farmer's Portal.
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Biodegradation of polyesters and other polymers in soil and compost
Papala, František ; Smilek, Jiří (referee) ; Obruča, Stanislav (advisor)
This diploma thesis studies the biodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) within soil and compost environments. The experimental part of this work is concerned with the differences in degradation across environments and the effects of degraded polymers on the environment itself. Experiments revealed that higher temperature and potentially also higher humidity substantially affect the rate of biodegradation. A significant degradation of all the polymers was observed in the compost medium, while polymers within the soil medium did not demonstrate any visible change nor change in mass after the 8th week of experiment. Even though SEM images revealed slow microbial degradation of soil PHB, this was not seen in any of the soil-incubated PLA samples. This might indicate primarily abiotic mechanism of PLA degradation. Germination and grow tests, which used the prepared polymer-enriched compost as a substrate and fertilizer, respectively, did not in most cases reveal any significant differences between individual plants across substrates. This seems to imply that neither the examined polymers nor their degradation products generated during composting are phytotoxic.
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Biotechnological production of PHA by selected bacterial isolates
Matějka, Filip ; Šedrlová, Zuzana (referee) ; Obruča, Stanislav (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) using thermophilic bacterial isolates with designation 34, 35 and BŽ. Bacterial straines were isolated from activated sludge and compost The theoretical part contains a description of PHA, extremophilic bacteria and detection techniques for the determination of polyhydroxyalkanoates. In the experimental part, the presence of the phaC gene, which is crucial for the ability to produce PHA, was first determined by PCR and bacterial strains were also subjected to DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA gene which enabled preliminary taxonomical classification of the isolates. In the next part of the experimental work, the conditions for biomass growth and PHA production were optimized. Suitable carbon source, the ideal temperature for cultivation and the influence of precursors on the production of copolymers were studied and identified. The composition and proportion of PHA were determined spectrophotometrically and by GC-FID. Finally, visual screening of PHA accumulation inside bacterial cells was performed using fluorescence microscopy.
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