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Supporting grassland biodiversity through small-scale fallows
Fabšičová, Martina ; Frei, I. ; Jiroušek, M. ; Smetanová, S. ; Šipoš, Jan ; Trnka, F. ; Vymyslický, T. ; Winkler, J. ; Zdražílková, M.
The main goal of the methodology presented here is to propose a system of recommendations for applying fallow in nature conservation based on our experiments. Due to the independence of agricultural land outside specially protected areas with direct payments from the Ministry of Agriculture, it is currently important to apply the methodology, especially in large protected areas where the primary objective is to preserve natural and cultural heritage. Annual and perennial fallows, i.e. biotopes adapted toregular soil disturbance, offer suitable habitats for a number of now-threatened plant and animal species. This is a technically and economically easy solution, but it is challenging to select a suitable location to achieve maximum efficiency. Ploughing must not be used in species-rich grasslands which would lead to ruderalization and degradation of the native vegetation. Furthermore, it must not be carried out on land at risk of erosion. Linear grassland margins, which have been ploughed in the past, recently grassed fields, fallows, and field margins should be selected for fallow management. Nearby populations of invasive plant species can be a problem. Our recommendations for the use of fallow management relate primarily to land in lowland and upland areas with a lower soil nutrient supply.
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Fallow management on grasslands and pastures
Fabšičová, Martina ; Frei, I. ; Jiroušek, M. ; Smetanová, S. ; Šipoš, Jan ; Trnka, F. ; Vymyslický, T. ; Winkler, J. ; Zdražílková, M.
The presented methodology summarizes the results of long-term research of fallows and provides important information for a large spectrum of users. We present here thepossibilities, of how small-scale fallow management can practically adapt into the current meadow and pasture management system. The methodology is aimed primarily at theagricultural public. The users will find here the tested methodological procedures and recommendations for practical inclusion of fallows into the management plans. It isrecommended here to create fallows on the edges of meadows and pastures adjacent to other habitats, such as steppes, balks, bushes, forests, or arable land. Fallows then play the role of ecotones, i.e. transitional habitats. The greatest diversity of both plant and animal species is generally concentrated in such habitats. Fallows enable the survival, restoration, and strengthening of populations of rare and endangered plant species, not only weeds. Furthermore, fallows will support the occurrence of a whole range of groups of invertebrates,including useful pollinators and predators of cultivated plant pests. Last but not least, follows create a valuable habitat for different vertebrates, especially birds. Fallows are becoming then the islands of biodiversity in the agricultural landscape.
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The importance of field wetlands in agricultural landscapes
Šumberová, Kateřina ; Vymyslický, T. ; Fabšičová, Martina ; Fránková, Markéta
Field wetlands represent an extremely valuable biotope in agricultural landscapes, not only in terms of water management, but also in terms of biodiversity of various groups of organisms. Species living in these habitats survive adverse periods in the form of seeds, spores and eggs in the soil, many of them belonging to endangered groups of organisms. Our research has yielded in new findings of rare vascular plant species, as well as interesting findings of diverse species of micro- and macroscopic algae. Among the most important findings are some thermophilic and slightly halophilic vascular and algae species, whose occurrence in our country is mainly linked to southern Moravia. Seventeen plant species from the current Red List were found, three species in the critically endangered category (C1: Hibiscus trionum, Pulicaria dysenterica, P vulgaris), six species in the severely endangered category (C2: Lythrum hyssopifolia, Malva pusilla, Rumex tenophyllus, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, Veronica anagalloides), five species in the endangered category (C3: Centaurium pulchellum, Cyperus fuscus, Lemna trisulca, Lotus tenuis, Veronica catenata) and five rarer species requiring attention (C4: Bolboschoenus laticarpus, B planiculmis, Butomus umbellatus, Limosella aquatica, Schoenoplectus lacustris). The vegetation at the study sites could be classified into five syntaxonomic classes: Lemnetea, Potametea, Isoëto-Nanojuncetea, Bidentetea tripartitae and Phragmito-Magnocaricetea. Vascular plants were represented by several ecological groups: annual wetland plants, perennial species of reed beds and wet disturbed grasslands, hydrophilous weeds and ruderal species, and aquatic plants. Macroscopic algae were represented primarily by filamentous green algae of the genera Cladophora, Spirogyra and Oedogonium, and to a lesser extent by the genus Vaucheria spp., and by cyanobacteria (Nostoc spp.). The representatives of the genus Chara inhabited wetlands with longer periods of inundation. Diatoms (Achnanthidium, Amphora, Gomphonema, Navicula, Nitzschia, Pinnularia, Surirella and Tryblionella) were the most quantitatively represented and species-rich group of microalgae in the studied wetlands, followed by the genera Colacium, Euglena and Trachelomonas, by green algae (Desmodesmus), and by cyanobacteria (Homoeothrix and Phormidium).There was a high variability in the number of vascular plants and overall species composition, as well as in the representation of different algal groups and their species richness. Large changes were evident between and within years.
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Sustainable approaches to small-area grassland and barren management with respect to flora and insect diversity
Vymyslický, T. ; Fabšičová, Martina ; Musil, Z.
This study is devoted to the determination of sustainable ways of increasing flora and insect diversity in meadows through the establishment of barren sites and fallows, which help many ephemeral plant species to reproduce from the soil seed bank. We tested the optimal time for the duration of a fallow and it seems to be 3-5 years. Significant differences were observed in the number of species and their cover between nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich areas.No massive occurence of invasive and expansive species was found. In the warm eastern part of the Podyjí NP we found plant species that had been missing there for many years.
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Monitoring pěstebních ploch‚ přenos a detekce transgenů geneticky modifikované řepky olejky
Výzkumný ústav pícninářský, Troubsko ; Pernová, Eva ; Vymyslický, Tomáš ; Badalíková, Barbora ; Hrubý, Jan ; Hájková, Petra
Cílem projektu je zjišťovat přítomnost geneticky modifikované řepky olejky na plochách, kde byla v minulých letech pokusně pěstována ( přežívání semen a vzcházení výdrolu), a zjišťování případného přenosu transgenu na příbuzné plevely. Vlastní monitoring zahrnoval sběr vzorků z příslušných lokalit, uchovávání vzorků, jejich analýzy na přítomnost genu bar a vyhodnocení analýz. Komentář k materiálu a metodice, výsledky monitoringu.
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Shromažďování technických podkladů k hodnocení rizika geneticky modifikované řepky olejné
Výzkumný ústav pícninářský, Troubsko ; Romanová, Gabriela ; Procházková, Alice ; Soládnová, Martina ; Vymyslický, Tomáš ; Badalíková, Barbora ; Hrubý, Jan
Cílem projektu bylo shromáždit technické podklady k hodnocení rizika geneticky modifikované řepky olejné, tj. stanovit výskyt transgenních rostlin řepky olejné a jí příbuzných druhů na těch lokalitách, kde byla v předchozích letech pěstována geneticky modifikovaná řepka olejná. Jedná se o odběr vzorků rostlinného materiálu z výše uvedených lokalit, uchování odebraných rostlinných vzorků, analýzy těchto vzorků na přítomnost genu bar a vyhodnocení analýz.
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