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Cranial morphology and variability of the craniovascular system.
Eisová, Stanislava ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Stingl, Josef (referee) ; Heuzé, Yann (referee)
Introduction: The craniovascular system is part of the vascular network of the head, and includes the middle meningeal vessels (arteria meningea media and vena meningea media; MMV), dural venous sinuses (sinus durae matris; DVS), emissary veins (venae emissariae; EV) and diploic veins (venae diploicae; DV). These vasculatures leave marks in the skull in form of imprints on the inner surface of cranial vault bones (MMV, DVS), channels within the bone diploe of cranial vault bones (DV), and cranial foramina (EV). Craniovascular traits can be studied in osteological samples, and thus provide an opportunity to investigate the physiological processes associated with blood circulation in past populations. Craniovascular features can also supply information about evolutionary adaptations, inter- and intra-population differences, and individual life history. Moreover, a knowledge of the anatomical variants can be useful in medicine and surgical practice. Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to specify a methodological approach for the measurement and evaluation of craniovascular traits, and then to analyse the morphological variability of the craniovascular system in adult individuals with normal cranial anatomy from several different populations with regards to the cranial size, sex, and age. Then,...
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Biological variability of postcranial non-metric traits of Eneolithic populations in the area of Bohemia (the Corded Ware Culture and the Bell Beaker Culture).
Miklasová, Barbora ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
The non-metric postcranial traits characterize biological variability of human skeletal morphology. Special attention is beeing paid to changes in some muscular or ligaments' binding areas and to changes of the articulation facets which are considered to be possibly retaled to excessive physical stress, occuring through the lifetime. The osteological material belonging to the populations of the Corded Ware culture and the Bell Beaker culture in the area of Bohemia has been surveyed with respect to non-metric trait occurence. The origin of both of these culture bearers is still a discused issue. There is a hypothesis saying that bearers of both Late Eneotithic cultures might represent actually one population and the differency of cultural patterns were due only to life-style changes, not to large-area migration. With respect to the frequency of 94 postcranial non-metric traits both samples have been compared to each other on a basis of measure of divergence and mean measure of divergence. The samples of Late Eneolithic populations showed significant difference only in frequencies of two non- metric traits and along with the values of mean measure of divergence they seem to show rather homogeneity. Afterwards both samples were compared with a sample from Great Moravian burial site Mikulčice - Kostelisko and...
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The frequency of fractures of the locomotor apparatus in different periods of the middle ages
Krupová, Zuzana ; Likovský, Jakub (advisor) ; Velemínský, Petr (referee)
Focus of this work was to estimate the frequency of moving apparatus injuries in skeletal material originating from archeological research on the site of former Oškobrh graveyard near Poděbrady. Method of five segments was applied - diaphyses of long bone was treated as a single segment. In contrast to other authors, clavicle, scapula and pelvis were also involved in this study. 119 juvenile subjects were evaluated, and in the whole set only one fracture was discovered. In a set of 285 adult subjects, 11 fractures were discovered on skeletal remains of ten individuals, which represents 3,5 % of the whole set, encomapssing both medieval and modern funerals. The set was split in three groups in accordance with archeological dating for further evaluation and statistical elaboration. Two medieval sets dating 13th - 14th century, and 14th - 15th century, and modern group dating 16th - 17th century. The dependance of fracture frequency between men and women in medieval groups was tested, it was however not confirmed on either 5 % and further 1 % of significance level. Also, the dependance between left and right body side, and between men and women group belonging in 13th - 15th century was tested. Neither case has proven to be a significant difference in bone fracture frequencies, again on 5 % and 1 %...
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Shape, size and proportions of lower limb long bones among human populations from Eneolithic to the Modern Era.
Šídová, Markéta ; Velemínský, Petr (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
Differences in the lifestyle of various populations may lead to changes in the shape of the long limb bones. This involves a reaction to the degree of mechanical and environmental stress acting upon these bones. Our work examined changes in the shape, proportions and size of the lower limb long bones (femur, tibia) over roughly the past five thousand years, or more precisely from the later phase of the Early Stone Age up to the 20th century. We studied the femurs and tibias of a total 520 adult individuals − 313 males and 207 females − from seven different periods or rather archaeological cultures. Our evaluation was based on the external, linear dimensions of the bones studied. Biological parameters were evaluated in relation to sexual dimorphism and lateral asymmetry. We paid special attention to the degree of flattening of the proximal third of the femoral and tibial shafts. Sexual dimorphism differed in individual populations. We found the least statistically significant parameters of sexual dimorphism in the oldest, Eneolithic, samples. In contrast, both sexes differed in the greatest number of parameters in the Early Middle Ages. Lateral asymmetry was most frequently demonstrated for the width dimensions in the case of the femoral and tibial diaphyses, which are in complete concurrence with...
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Morphology of the mandible with regard to the demographic structure of the early medieval burial area Mikulčice
Thon, Tomáš ; Bejdová, Šárka (advisor) ; Velemínský, Petr (referee)
This Master's thesis focuses on the influence of socioeconomic status on the morphology of the mandible of individuals from the early medieval burial area in Mikulčice. This hillfort was an important center of power of the Great Moravian Empire with a stratified society. This work compares 2 different approaches on how to divide the inhabitants. The first of them is the division of individuals according to the location of graves into individuals from the castle, sub-castle, and hinterland. The second approach is the division of individuals according to the richness of grave equipment into individuals with rich and poor grave equipment. A different social status is associated mainly with different diets. Therefore, the attachments of the masticatory muscles are the most affected areas. A total of 132 individuals (59 males and 73 females) were analyzed. The material was evaluated by methods of geometric morphometrics. The used methods were CDP DCA, GPA, two-sample t-test, PCA, MANOVA, and SVM. Sexual dimorphism was observed in all sub-groups of the Mikulčice population. Men have larger mandibles with rami wider apart. The biggest differences are between individuals from the castle, the smallest between individuals with rich grave equipment. The distribution of individuals based on the location of...
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