|
|
Family House
Tureček, Petr ; Partika, Radek (referee) ; Košíčková, Ivana (advisor)
This project features an independent newly built family home located in the municipality of Rudikov. The height and architectural style of the building respect the requirements of the neighboring areas. The house has a pool, sauna, garage, includes a cellar smaller than the footprint of the house and a loft. The cellar is used as gym and storage. The house itself is conceived as single family home for 3-4 people (2 parents + 1-2 children). It is built of bricks – Porotherm bricks, including ceiling constructions. The house has a gable roof which is designed as a roof without purlin system. As covering of the roof serves roof bitumen sheets.
|
|
|
Towards a general model of cultural inheritance
Hillerová, Pavlína ; Tureček, Petr (advisor) ; Šaffa, Gabriel (referee)
Hypertrophied human culture is based on a specific propensity for social learning. During the transmission of information, a myriad of external and internal influences act on both the transmitor and recipient. Previous studies have focused on various biases (prestige bias, which causes, among others, a tendency to learn from older and more experienced individuals, or negative information bias, which makes us more likely to remember what to avoid etc.) that influence which cultural variants will successfully spread and how they will evolve. Some works delve into (among other things, bias-induced) cultural attraction, i.e., the tendency to transform information in a particular direction, while others treat cultural elements as genes; as nearly immutable entities. Almost all of them, however, (1.) model culture as composed from discrete entities and (2.) move within a single framework that they try to explore thoroughly. The present thesis attempts to bridge these gaps and to show the possibilities of studying cultural traits on a continuous scale. Using data from an application styled as a trivia guessing game, it aims to quantify the influence of different factors on the transmission of cultural information. Participants are presented with previous participants' estimates of different lengths, weights and...
|
|
|
Conformity and eccentricity; driving forces of cultural evolution
Kutsos, Peter ; Tureček, Petr (advisor) ; Šaffa, Gabriel (referee)
When deciding between alternative strategies, animals often have to operate with limited or conflicting information. In these situations, what source of information they prioritize can make a huge difference. Individuals relying on social information (social learners) economize on costs like the risk of eating the wrong food or the energy needed to survey the environment but run the risk of the information they use being out of date or of low quality. On the other hand, those who prioritize individual learning can be more confident in the accuracy of their information, but without any social learning are forced to "reinvent the wheel" every generation. Natural selection has shaped several adaptive heuristic rules which help inform social learning. One category of these rules is frequency-dependent, which means that the probability of behavioural pattern acquisition depends on how common (or rare) they are in a population. This work is a literature review regarding two such rules: conformity and anticonformity and the roles they play in cultural evolution. Keywords: Frequency-dependent transmission, cultural evolution, social learning, conformity bias, anticonformity
|
|
|
Cerebral laterality in birds and mammals, its behavioral correlation and evolutionary significance
Tureček, Petr ; Komárek, Stanislav (advisor) ; Němec, Pavel (referee)
Lateralization of brain is ubiquitous quality of vertebrate brain. In this paper we rewiev examples of brain lateralization in birds and mammals and it's behavioral impacts. Than we discuss possible evolutionary origins of these asymmetries and their evolutionary significance. We try to explain individual as well as population level lateralization. We propose, that population level lateralization can, in principle, arise just on the genofondal basis, if the organism itself contributes to the enviroment with the lateralized behavior. Lateralized sensory input on the other hand should stand on the advantages of synchronizing with other individuals due to the disatvantage of predictability of lateralized population. Keywords: Lateralization; laterality; population level lateralization; asymmetry; evolutionary significance
|
|
|
Evolution and function of imperfect mimics in Müllerian and Batesian complexes
Kyselová, Daniela ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Tureček, Petr (referee)
Mimicry is an imitation of another species signal that means an evolutionary advantage to the mimicking species. Therefore, it would be expected for mimicry to be selected for high accuracy and mimics to closely resemble their models. However, many mimetic species resemble their models only imperfectly, and several hypotheses have been formulated to explain the existence of such inaccurate mimics. These hypotheses are not necessarily exclusive, and the explanation of imperfection might vary among different mimetic complexes. In this text, various mechanisms are discussed that may allow the evolution and maintenance of imperfect mimicry in different mimetic complexes. Attention is also paid to the role of predators' perception and behaviour in mimetic accuracy, as well as the trade-offs between mimicry and some opposing selection pressures, such as sexual selection. Keywords: imperfect mimicry, inaccurate mimicry, evolution of mimicry, predator perception, predator behaviour, predator learning
|
|
|
The influence of birth order on chosen mental disorders
Havlová, Adéla ; Kuba, Radim (advisor) ; Tureček, Petr (referee)
This work provides a basic introduction to the problematic of how the birth order affects human mental health. It explores the effects of birth order on three selected mental disorders: schizofrenia, anxiety and depression. The introduction provides explanation of basic terms and formulations for better orientation in this topic. There are several studies exploring the birth order effects on human mental health included in this work. The researches show, that in case of schizophrenia, the effect may apply to last born children, in the case of anxiety, the effect may apply to middle children and in the case of depression, it applies to firstborns. This work uses knowledge from fields of psychology, biology, evolutionary biology and human ethology.
|
|
|
Human fur patterns and their evolution
Fischer, Jan ; Tureček, Petr (advisor) ; Hora, Martin (referee)
Human fur, although absent on the first sight, is one of human unique features. But the question is, what influences shaped it into its current state. First part ergo the loss of dense fur coat stands on two main hypothesis. The first one being increasing effectivity of sweating for active diurnal lifestyle and the second one being parasite avoidance. There are other hypothesis, although not as reputable. These are aquatic ape hypothesis and importance of fire use hypothesis. The second part are the remaining parts of human fur patterns, some of which even expanded, scalp hair, beards, eyebrows, pubic and axillary hair. Most of these are explained thru hypothesis regarding the importance of communication in expanding human societies but there are also some talking about typical mammalian hair function - environment protection. Scalp hair are mostly explained as health, beauty and individuality signal but it also probably had protective function. Beards as extremely sexually specific trade helped in competition between men although in more of a demonstrative way. They also played role in sexual selection. Eyebrows are irreplaceable in face recognition, emotion expression and they also protect an eye from sweat. Axillary hair preserves armpits and hosts an axillary organ useful in chemical communication....
|
|
|
Pareidolia and its evolutionary significance
Grégr, Richard ; Tureček, Petr (advisor) ; Děchtěrenko, Filip (referee)
In our everyday lives, we come across situations where we might get the impression of seeing characters in the clouds, or faces in moon crates. We think that we found a pattern that we can use to beat a slot-machine, that the constellation of the stars influences us, that we hear voices in background noise, or hear tones in it. All these examples are instances of a phenomenon called apophenia. In other words, apophenia denotes situations where we make a pattern recognition error. A special case of apophenia, in which our brains make the error during the immediate sensory information processing, is called pareidolia. Today there is no unified opinion about the definition of apophenia and pareidolia. This thesis is concerned with the findings about pareidolia, whether it is a product of an evolutionary effort to minimize losses and pattern overfitting. Furthermore, it clarifies apophenia with pareidolia as a special case, and offers a more detailed look at face pareidolia; how our brain processes information about faces, differences between the sexes in propensity to face recognition, and a possible explanation of its evolutionary origin. Key words: pareidolia, apophenia, error management, psychotism, perception
|
|
|
Sympatric cultural divergence and its evolutionary significance
Tureček, Petr ; Havlíček, Jan (advisor) ; Lang, Martin (referee) ; Duda, Pavel (referee)
Interaction of genes and culture is crucial for human evolution. Human ethnic groups and subcultures frequently function as discrete units, and people clearly distinguish between in- group and out-group individuals on a cultural basis. This thesis aims to model the formation of distinct cultural clusters, cultural equivalents of distinct species. Historical development of theories of blending inheritance led to the formation of biometric parallels to Mendelism. Galton-Pearson model of nonparticulate inheritance with constant offspring variance, the most influential model of continuous inheritance ever formulated, was based on measurements of genetically transmitted traits. Ronald Fisher later demonstrated, that this type of inheritance directly stems from polygenic traits with additive genetic variance. Dan Sperber's metaphor of culture space allows integrating any continuous models of position inheritance into computer simulations of the evolution of culture. Most studies today, however, employ particulate models of cultural inheritance. The exceptional works of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman pioneer the continuous models of cultural inheritance applying Galton-Pearson model to culture. Galton-Pearson inheritance is, unfortunately, not a very good model of cultural transmission. Parental...
|
|
|
Simulations of open-ended evolution
Prax, Sebastian ; Toman, Jan (advisor) ; Tureček, Petr (referee)
Evolutionary algorithms are used to solve a number of optimization problems in the computer science. At the same time, they are fundamental pillar for creating evolutionary simulations and testing scientific hypotheses in a various areas of theoretical biology. In the first half of my work, I characterize the concept of "open-ended evolution", focus on its connection with the technical side of simulations and introduce readers to the problematics of system simulation. Further on, I deal with the phenomenon of increasing complexity and the idea of "evolutionary progress". All these topics are confronted with various perspectives of researchers in the field of evolutionary biology. In the second half, I summarize the benefits of existing projects for evolutionary biology and applied informatics, as well as the ways in which the simulations of open-ended evolution can be approached. Basically, these projects can be divided into two categories. They are either projects in which individuals develop towards a predefined goal, which is conditioned by a fitness function, or projects of researchers who seek to achieve an open-ended evolution by employing biologically realistic design of the genetic code and environment in conjunction with the absence of a particular attractor in the evolution of virtual...
|
guest ::
