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Logic of questions
Peliš, Michal ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor)
Logic of Questions Michal Peliš PhD Thesis Abstract The thesis deals with logic of questions (erotetic logic), which is one of the branches of non- classical logic. In the introductory part we speak generally about formalization of questions and the newest approaches to questions in logic are summed up. We introduce a formalization based on sets of direct answers and point out the role of inferences with questions. The rest of the thesis consists of two parts that can be read independently. The first part focuses on relationships among consequence relations in inferential erotetic logic (IEL). We keep the framework of original IEL, introduced by Andrzej Wiśniewski, together with the representation of questions by sets of direct answers. Answers are strictly formulas of the declarative language. The mix of interrogatives and declaratives occours just on the level of consequences. Consequence relations with questions are defined by means of multiple-conclusion entailment among sets of declarative formulas. This way, one can work with classes of models and to make transparent some properties and relationships. We provide a general study of erotetic inferences based on IEL that is open for non-classical applications. The second part contains epistemic erotetic logic. A question is understood as a set of direct...
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Philosophy of Ordinary Language - its Decline and What to Do After It
Ivan, Michal ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Tomeček, Marek (referee)
The general topic of the thesis is the history of the Ordinary Language Philosophy. To be more precise, it deals with the critical arguments, which were raised against is. The thesis offers a short historical and sociological review of the Ordinary Language Philosophy. Critical analysis shows two things: 1) the main reason for the rejection was a different understanding of meaning (and consequences of such a understanding); 2) critics begged the question and already assumed the justification of these rejections in their arguments. The area of this criticism was: the paradigm case argument, the empirical nature of the statements of meaning produced by the Ordinary Language Philosophy, the structural elements of meaning and the political implications of the theory of meaning. The thesis criticizes the Ordinary Language Philosophy in those parts (and in such interpretations), where its understanding of meaning does not differ from the understanding of the critics and where they share common assumptions. On the other hand, the thesis argues for an interpretation, which avoids classical understanding of meaning in all its consequences. Finally, the thesis asks how the Ordinary Language Philosophy can be useful for contemporary debates.
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Logický pluralismus v historické perspektivě
Arazim, Pavel ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Stekeler-Weithofer, Pirmin (referee) ; sundholm, göran (referee)
Logical pluralism from historical perspective - Abstract The plurality of logics is understood as a challenge to seek a deeper understanding of the na- ture and import of logic. Two basic approaches to demarcation of logic are considered, the model-theoretic and the proof-theoretic one. Investigation of the history which led to these two appraoches identifies the postion of logic in Kant's epistemology as crucial for the devel- opment. An analogical development from Kant's conception of geometry to the plurality of geometric theories leads to a holistic view both of geometry and of logic. It furthermore proves essential to understand the pragmatic import of logic. Given the problems tied to the attempts to demarcate logic, inferentialism and logical expressivism are arrived at as jointly provid- ing the most appropriate account. These approaches are developed into a conception which stresses, in line with the historical perspective of the work, the ability of logic to develop.
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Naturalizing the Unity of Consciousness: can neuroscience explain a fundamental feature of subjectivity?
Vraný, Martin ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Marvan, Tomáš (referee) ; Ward, David (referee)
Naturalizing the Unity of Consciousness: can neuroscience explain a fundamental feature of subjectivity? Martin Vraný Abstract The aim of the dissertation is to analyze the concept of the unity of conscious- ness as an explanandum for natural sciences and assess how good an explanation do leading neuroscientific theories of consciousness provide. The motivation be- hind this project is the idea that it is the unity which poses the greatest challenge for the scientific quest for consciousness. I argue in the Introduction that the reason why some theories of consciousness lead to what Dennett calls Cartesian materialism is precisely because they fail to address the problem of the unity of consciousness. If we had a good understanding of the unity of consciousness and its place in nature, we could more easily avoid the tendency to devise accounts of consciousness that are homuncular in disguise. In chapter 2 I analyze various aspects in which consciousness is thought be unified and conclude that two such aspects are particularly challenging for natu- ralizing the unity and that they cannot be treated separately. They are the unity of conscious contents at a time and the unity in the sense of a single subject having conscious contents and being able to reflect on them. Chapter 3 describes main conceptual and...
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The Role of Convention in Austin's Speech Act Theory
Josisová, Pavlína ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee)
The diploma thesis examines the role of convention in J. L. Austin's speech act theory. It describes the possibility of "how to do things with words": such an analysis of language will be suggested that does not focus on the category of truth when dealing with particular utterances but rather replaces it with the category of felicity of a speech act in the social context. After having offered the explication including the central points of the given theory, there starts the investigation of which parts of the speech act theory are conventionally based and what role do conventions play in the speech act theory as a whole.
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Instrumentality of knowledge: instrumentalism in philosophy of scienc
Cvek, Boris ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Richard Rorty's main thesis in his work Philosphy and the Mirror of Nature centers on a critique of representationalism in a fundamentally relativistic way. The aim of this disseration is to grasp Rorty's ideas in broader sense as a critique of inadequate interpretation of knowing- that and shift the attention to knowing-how as a key to new understanding the success of natural sciences. The fact that something is reproducibly possible for us to make in the surrounding world is not relative, and it is precisely in this way that technology (knowing- how) spreads so successfully even at multi-cultural level. In contrast, the explanatory function (knowing-that) of the natural sciences is relative, making sense only in the context of what is already known and accepted. Natural sciences are so successful because their experiments and only then take agreement of hypothesis with experimental practice (knowing-how) as the criterion of its acceptability. This dissertation offers, as a way out of Rortian relativism, the concept of "open authority" and proposes a new development in philosophic pragmatism based on it.
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Aesthetic Judgement from Philosophical, Psychological and Neuroscientific Perspectives
Hadravová, Tereza ; Zuska, Vlastimil (advisor) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Zátka, Vlastimil (referee)
Title: Aesthetic judgement from philosophical, psychological, and neuroscientific perspectives Author: Tereza Hadravová Department: Aesthetics Department Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Vlastimil Zuska, CSc. Abstract: How does science relate to aesthetics? This question usually reads as a question concerning scientific contribution to aesthetics. Philosophers are most- ly skeptical about the application of scientific results in their domain, wheras psychologists and, in recent years, neuroscientists are optimistic. In the thesis, I argue that both of these positions, in their extreme versions, impede the mutual enrichment of science and aesthetics. The starting-point of the thesis is George Dickie's radical claim that no scientific information has ever been relevant for aesthetics. The claim, I argue, is firmly embedded in the aftermath of logical positivism: it is related to the e↵ort to "rescue" aesthetics from progressive eli- mination. As a consequence, most of analytic aesthetics discourse has ignored psychologically informed conception of aesthetic judgement, including some fine distinctions that such a conception enables, e.g. the di↵erence between judgements about pleasure and aesthetic judgements. The distinctions are further elaborated and, in the last part of the thesis, the results of this elaboration are...
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Logic of questions
Peliš, Michal ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor)
Logic of Questions Michal Peliš PhD Thesis Abstract The thesis deals with logic of questions (erotetic logic), which is one of the branches of non- classical logic. In the introductory part we speak generally about formalization of questions and the newest approaches to questions in logic are summed up. We introduce a formalization based on sets of direct answers and point out the role of inferences with questions. The rest of the thesis consists of two parts that can be read independently. The first part focuses on relationships among consequence relations in inferential erotetic logic (IEL). We keep the framework of original IEL, introduced by Andrzej Wiśniewski, together with the representation of questions by sets of direct answers. Answers are strictly formulas of the declarative language. The mix of interrogatives and declaratives occours just on the level of consequences. Consequence relations with questions are defined by means of multiple-conclusion entailment among sets of declarative formulas. This way, one can work with classes of models and to make transparent some properties and relationships. We provide a general study of erotetic inferences based on IEL that is open for non-classical applications. The second part contains epistemic erotetic logic. A question is understood as a set of direct...
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Truth and Meaning: The Dialectics of Theory and Practice
Koreň, Ladislav ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Edwards, James (referee)
Tarski's semantic conception of truth is arguably the most influential - certainly, most discussed - modern conception of truth. It has provoked many different interpretations and reactions, some thinkers celebrating it for successfully explicating the notion of truth, whereas others have argued that it is no good as a philosophical account of truth. The aim of the thesis is to offer a systematic and critical investigation of its nature and significance, based on the thorough explanation of its conceptual, technical as well as historical underpinnings. The methodological strategy adopted in the thesis reflects the author's belief that in order to evaluate the import of Tarski's conception we need to understand what logical, mathematical and philosophical aspects it has, what role they play in his project of theoretical semantics, which of them hang in together, and which should be kept separate. Chapter 2 therefore starts with a detailed exposition of the conceptual and historical background of Tarski's semantic conception of truth and his method of truth definition for formalized languages, situating it within his project of theoretical semantics, and Chapter 3 explains the formal machinery of Tarski's truth definitions for increasingly more complex languages. Chapters 4-7 form the core of the...
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Frege and Husserl on Objectivity
Jankovská, Lenka ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Beran, Ondřej (referee)
This bachelor thesis is concerned with early works of significant logi- cians and philosophers Gottlob Frege and Edmund Husserl at the turn of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. Most importantly, it deals with their solution of the objectivity of arithmetic and the objectivity itself. At first they both started in the same direction and they har- shly rejected psychologism. They also introduced similar differentiation of sense and reference. According to Frege, the reference of a sentence is a truth value, however, according to Husserl, it is a state of affairs. The sense is the way of referring to an object, also called intentionality. The sense in a sentence is a thought according to Frege and it is a noema according to Husserl. They both put emphasis on objectivity of number but they gradually went in different direction. Frege identified number with extension of concept, however, this subsequently let his system to dispute. Husserl derived number by abstraction, which exposed him to Frege's harsh criticism. Key words Frege, Husserl, objectivity, logic
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