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Isolation of active compounds from algae and their application in cosmetic products
Nováková, Laura ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Skoumalová, Petra (advisor)
The bachelor thesis is dedicated to the study of active substances and antioxidant effects of cultivated microalgae. We compared the results with a commercial alga that is freely available. In the theoretical part we focused on description of algal metabolites in cosmetics and a brief description of the methods used in their testing. In the experimental part there were analyzed three types of extracts (aqueous, alcohol and oil) from 4 species of algae. It is mainly the content of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity that is determined. According to the results, the highest content of active substances was found in oil extracts. All extracts were encapsulated into liposomes. The average size of the nanoparticles was in range of 200 nm to 300 nm. The particles were stable enough also for long-term stability. The largest decrease was observed in the oil extract of the cultivated algae Chlorella vulgaris. The cytotoxicity of oil extracts was realized by MTT test on human cell cultures HaCaT. Finally, we concluded that the prepared liposomal particles could be used for anti-aging cosmetics.
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Application of physical and chemical stress factors in different stages of growth to autotrophic microorganisms
Sniegoňová, Pavlína ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
Nowadays, the demand for metabolites produced by microalgae and cyanobacteria is still growing, due to their positive effects on the human body and health. These metabolites include mainly carotenoid pigments, that have antioxidant properties, which very attractive to consumers. These substances are mainly used in food supplements; however they are also used in the pharmaceutical industry. These substances include, for example, -carotene, but also chlorophylls, which are significantly involved in the photosynthesis process. Other important metabolites are lipids, which are part of cellular structures and serve a number of other functions. The theoretical part focuses on the description of algae and cyanobacteria and their cultivation. Furthermore, the influence of stress factors on the production of biomass and metabolites. Metabolites are then characterized in terms of properties and biochemical pathways leading to their production. Subsequently, there are mentioned evaluation techniques used to characterize the cultivated biomass. In the result part, the production properties are compared depending on the selected stress factors.
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Study of biological effects of some plant materials
Drabíková, Nela ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
The presented bachelor thesis deals with the preparation of aqueous, ethanolic and hexane extracts obtained from plant sources with increased content of oil, their characterization and cytotoxicity testing. In the theoretical part, a review focused on basic information about the used plants and their effects on the human body was elaborated. Furthermore, the active ingredients of the extracts, methods of their determination and the principle of the cytotoxicity test were described. In practical part the content of polyphenols and flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically. Further, total antioxidant activity was measured. The fatty acids composition and the percentage of individual fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. Next, MTT cytotoxicity assay was performed using human cell culture to confirm the safety of extracts for potential use in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
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Use and application of natural antimicrobial substances
Dzurická, Lucia ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Skoumalová, Petra (advisor)
The presented bachelor thesis is focused on the study of antimicrobial activity of plant substances in combination with bacteriocins and the possibility of creating new encapsulated form of supplement which could be used in food and cosmetic products. 5 plant materials were selected: acerola, cinnamon, cloves, orange peel and yacon syrup. Nisin was chosen as the most suitable bacteriocin. In the theoretical part the components with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity are described, such as the materials of plants and animal origin used in this work. Also the possibility of increasing the antimicrobial effect and possible use of natural antimicrobial substances were described. In experimental part, the aqueous extracts of selected plant materials were firstly spectrophotometrically characterized for the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Selected substances were encapsulated into liposomes and subsequently preparation of liposomes coated with chitosan was optimized. The particles were tested for size, short and long term stability, encapsulation efficiency and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of selected components in nonencapsulated and encapsulated form were observed against four strains of microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Serratia marcescens and Candida glabrata). Also the expected synergisms of the antimicrobial effects of extracts in combination with nisin and prepared particles were observed.
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OPtimization od cultivation od microalgae cultures in photobioreactors
Byrtusová, Dana ; Márová, Ivana (referee) ; Kočí, Radka (advisor)
Presented diploma thesis is focused on the optimisation of Haematococcus pluvialis cultivations in different photobioreactors and on biotechnological production of astaxanthin. Theoretical part summarized the knowledge about optimal growth and production conditions of secondary metabolites. Followed research was focused on actual cultivation systems and on the possibilities of metabolite and nutrient monitoring. In experimental part the growth characteristic of the strain from Březova nad Svitavou (HMP-CCALA 375) was analyzed under optimal cultivation conditions on white and red light. During culture growth the profile and the concentration of carotenoid pigments were determined. The best yield of biomass was achieved in the cultivation on white light (0,939 g/l),carotenoids lutein and -carotene were observed as dominant pigments. In the next experiments optimal growth medium, temperature and light intensity were determined for cultivations of four chosen HMP strains from Germany, America, Africa and Switzerland. The most suitable cultivation medium was found BBM, oppositely the worst results were obtained with BG11. In previous experiments cultivation temperature 22 °C was determined as optimal value for comparative strain HMP – CCALA 375. Selected four strains were cultivated at 22 °C, as well as at 25 °C. Higher temperature was more optimal mainly for Switzerland, German and Africa strains. By analyzing of light intensity influence, it was found that the best increase of biomass was induced by the adaptation of culture on lower illumination (50 µmol photones•m^-2•s^-1) followed by higher light intensity (100 - 150 µmol photones•m^-2•s^-1). HMP from Switzerland showed the best growth results during all cultivation experiments, so this strain could be perhaps useful for industrial production of astaxanthin. In the last part of work, the influence of stress conditions on astaxanthin production by strain from Březova nad Svitavou (HMP – CCALA 375) was studied. Followed stress factors were used: high intensity of light (1 000 µmol photones•m^-2•s^-1), low nitrogen concentration (32,96 mg/l), addition of sodium chloride (0,5%), influence of sodium acetate (2,2 mM) and combination of sodium chloride and sodium acetate (0,5% NaCl, 2mM NaAc). Due to strong illumination (1 000 µmol photones•m^-2•s^-1) the best yield of astaxanthin was obtained (more than 20 mg/g). According to literature [103, 105] significant amount was also observed by addition of sodium acetate (9,2 mg/g). Oppositely minimal astaxanthin production was showed in presence of salt stress (3,8 mg/g). In followed experiments should be studied the influence of stress combinations on HMP – CCALA 375 strain as well as on other suitable strains of H. pluvialis with the aim to achieve the maximal yield of astaxanthin significant for large scale cultivation.
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Influence of stress and nutritional conditions on carotenogenic yeast and microalgal metabolism
Sikorová, Pavlína ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis describes the infuence of biological stress (co-cultivations) on the growth and metabolism of selected carotenogenic yeasts and microalgae. The metabolites of these microorganisms are chlorophyll and carotenoids, which are natural pigments and antioxidants. In theory, co-cultivation is a cultivation where microorganisms mutually support each other in the growth and production of metabolites. This would cause the increased production of previously mentioned chlorophyll and carotenoids. The theoretical part of the work is focused on the description of selected species of yeasts and microalgae and further discusses in more detail, the topics of stress factors depending on the growth and metabolism of microorganisms. The experimental part then deals with different types of cultivation and cocultivation and tries to optimize the production media and find the best symbiotic yeasts and microalgae. Furthemore the issue of different ratios of microorganisms in co-cultivations is also addressed here. The cultivated yeasts strains were Rhodotorula kratochvilovae, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Phaffia rhodozyma. And microalgae strains were Desmodesmus acutus, Desmodesmus quadricauda, Coccomyxa sp., Chlorella sorokiniana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Scenedesmus obliquus. Cultivated cyanobacterium was Synechoccocus nidulans. The most successful co-cultivation experiment was the one with R. kratochvilovae and yeast Desm. quadricauda. This experiment was very succesful in all aspects.
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Antimicrobial substances from plants and their application in acne preparations
Alexová, Adéla ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Němcová, Andrea (advisor)
The aim of the bachelor thesis is a determination of selected active substances of various plants and their possible application in cosmetic products for acne. In the theoretical part, an inventory of active substances including their effects in cosmetic products has been developed. Furthermore, the work is focused on characteristics of certain types of plants, mechanisms of antimicrobial effects and the emergence and treatment of acne. In the experimental part of this work the contents of biologically active substances, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in extracts from selected plant species are characterized, namely from flowers of Levandula angustifolia, Matricaria chamomilla, Calendula officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, leaves of Salvia officinalis and leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis. The plant extracts are also tested in different mixtures. Plant extracts and mixtures are incorporated into a recipe of acne cosmetic products. Their inhibitory effect against Propionibacterium acnes which causes acne and against representatives G+, G- and yeast Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli and Candida glabrata is observed. From the results it is clear that the best products against acne are micellar water and possibly skin lotion. The biggest amount of active substances is in cosmetic products which contain Matricaria, Syzygium and Rosmarinus. Overall effect of active substances is lower in cosmetic products than in 100% extracts.
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Preparation and stability of core-shell type organic micro- and nanoparticles
Byrtusová, Dana ; Benešová, Pavla (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on possibilities of encapsulation polyphenolic compounds in core-shell type organic micro- and nanoparticles. The theoretical part is aimed at characterization of polyphenolic compounds, their biological effects and their possibilities of encapsulation into various types of particles. The experimental part deals with the content of polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins in guarana, ginseng ang goji. Extracts from these samples were packed into liposomes and polysaccharide particles. Encapsulation´s effectiveness was determined spectrophotometrically. The stability of particles was monitored for size and stability by dynamic light scattering. The particles were exposed to the model body fluids and model food.
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Production of lipids by different yeast strains
Ponížil, David ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Szotkowski, Martin (advisor)
The bachelor's thesis is focused on the cultivation of selected species of yeast. It is proven that these lipids have many uses and can be applied in the production of biofuels or food industry products. Lipids are forming basic biomolecules that are part of biomembranes in living organisms. The theoretical part describes the structure, chemical composition, and nutrition of these microorganisms. Furthermore, this work contains the characteristic not only of the yeast strains used but also of the lipid metabolites. The experimental part is focused on the description of the preparation of the culture medium designed for yeast growth. The total proportion of lipids and lipid metabolites in the biomass was monitored and compared to individual yeast strains grown on culture media with different compositions. The yeast was cultivated on mediums with carbon and nitrogen from different sources and in different ratios. Waste substrates were also used as carbon and nitrogen sources to compare them to conventional sources. The profile of fatty acids produced by selected yeasts was compared to the fatty acids contained in vegetable oils and butter. The series of experiments showed that the largest proportion of lipids in biomass was observed in the strain Rhodosporidium toruloides grown on a waste substrate of animal fat.
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Biological effects of complex extracts from yeast and algae biomass
Bočán, David ; Byrtusová, Dana (referee) ; Skoumalová, Petra (advisor)
This bachelor thesis was focused on optimalization of extractions of active compounds from microalgae and carotenogenic yeasts. Other part of this work was focused on characterization of these extracts and their tests of cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes. In theoretical part a literary research which summarizes the basic properties and cultivation conditions of used microorganisms was conducted. Then there were listed an examples of antioxidant compounds found in these microorganisms as well as their properties. Finally the term cytotoxicity and methods of its measurement were clarified. The practical part of this thesis consists of series of extractions from mentioned microorganisms. These extracts were characterized by the content determination of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and also chlorophyll and carotenoid compounds. Determination of antioxidant capacity and SPF were done too. Lastly the cytotoxicity of chosen extracts was measured using the MTT test.
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