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Mucosal immunity, intestinal microflora and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Tlaskalová, Helena ; Štěpánková, Renata ; Powrie, F. ; Tučková, Ludmila ; Sokol, Dan ; Funda, David P. ; Rossmann, Pavel ; Cukrowska, Božena ; Hudcovic, Tomáš ; Kozáková, Hana ; Řeháková, Zuzana ; Hrnčíř, Tomáš ; Drastik, p. ; Smetana, K. ; Frolová, Lenka
The interface between the organism and the outside world, which is the site of exchange of nutrients.
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Nursing care of child patient with acute pancreatitis.
ŽENÍŠKOVÁ, Pavla
Abstract Child patient acute pancreatitis nursing care Current status: Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas. This disease can be classified as an acute abdominal event. The essence of the disease is the autodigestion of pancreas maternal tissues. The most common cause of pancreatitis in childhood is an infection. This infection may have viral, bacterial or parasitary origin. The main clinical symptom is abdominal pain, connected with vomiting. The diagnosis can be confirmed by a laboratory blood test, where increased values of amylase and lipase are found in the serum. For acute pancreatitis diagnosis in pediatric patients, a non invasive displaying method has remained unsurpassed up to now - ultrasonographic abdominal examination. The method is non-invasive, Quit and available examination. Based on the progression and form of the disease, the child patient is admitted to an intensive care unit, or to a standard ward. The onset of treatment requires the absolute prohibition of any intake of nutrition per os. The application of analgetics and antibiotics is also very important. Regarding the application of analgetics there are different opinions regarding opiate or non-opiate types., Some complications can occur in more serious forms of the disease, like biliar ways compression followed by icter, duodena stenosis and following ileus. There are also connected complications regarding the cardio vascular system and the gastroinstestinal tract. The prognosis is very good in milder forms of the disease. Acute pancreatitis can turn into the chronic disease in 15-35% of cases. Targets: The first target was to evaluate the acute pancreatitis growth rate in childhood in the Czech republic from 2004 up to 2014. The second target was to describe specific aspects of nursing care for the pediatric patient with acute pancreatitis during hospitalization, during follow up care and after being released home. Methodology and research group: The Institute of sanitary information and statistics was appproached regarding the achievment of the first tagret as were all seven health insurance companies operating in the Czech republic. The method of documents analysis and data collection was used to achieve the second target. The information was gathered from primary documentation and professional studies on the topic. Results: From 2010 there has been a constant and gradual growth of acute pancreatitis in pediatric patients in the Czech republic. While in 2010 there were 221 patients, in 2014 there were already 318 pediatric patients with this disease. The specific aspects of nursing care for a pediatric patient with acute pancreatitis are in early diagnostics, analgetics and antibiotics therapy, and mainly, in dietary measures. During hospitalization in an intensive care unit, or in a standard ward, the specific aspects of nursing care are the following: Physiological functions monitoring, pain monitoring, monitoring the intravenous catheter, or urine catheter if applicable, and nazogastric probe, observing the emptying and nutrition of a pediatric patient, and also in meeting the child´s needs. The most important aim after acute pancreatitis, is maintaining the correct diet. The gradual return of the child back to normal life is also very important. Conclusion: This disease can be classified as an acute abdominal event. The clinical image is accompanied by strong abdominal pain and vomiting. Ultrasonogprahic abdominal examination is the first option of displaying diagnostic methods. The treatment takes place during hospitalization in an intensive care unit or in a standard ward. Strict diet maintaining is the most important specific aspect. Practical recommendations: The outcome of the thesis is a brief summary of nursing care for a child with a past of acute pancreatitis when is discharged home.
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The use of social and health services for people with multiple sclerosis
KAŠPAROVÁ, Eva
Multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system which leads to demyelination of nerve fibres or to their direct loss. Multiple sclerosis is the most common neurological cause of chronic disability in young adults. There is no known effective cure for this disease. It is only possible to reduce the progression rate of the disease by recently available medication and their combinations. Social and health services bring significant benefit to life of people with multiple sclerosis. Health services are important not only for medical treatment but also for support because they try to improve or preserve physical condition and affect also mental condition. Social services become more important as the disease progresses when people are no longer able to cope with routine everyday activities. The objective of my thesis was to suggest suitable health and social services for people with multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, to find out which of these services are used by ill people. The hypothesis of the thesis was: Some types of social services for people with multiple sclerosis are not quantitatively provided unlike health services. In my thesis I used quantitative research, interviewing and the questionnaire method. Questionnaires were filled in by adults with multiple sclerosis in selected organisations {\clqq}Roska`` in the Czech republic. During the research I discovered problems with insufficient awareness of social services and not using contributions and allowances for social services. On the contrary, the results of the research imply that health services are being used. I assume that the hypothesis was confirmed. I find the contribution of the thesis in the fact that I suggested recommendations for suitable health and social services for people with multiple sclerosis. After completion of local contacts, this suggestion could be used as an informative brochure which would be available to people with multiple sclerosis.
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Effect of Selected Substances on the Respiratory System of Rat in Vivo and in Vitro
Kottová, Martina ; Pourová, Jana (advisor) ; Herink, Josef (referee) ; Nosálová, Gabriela (referee)
BACKGROUND: Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which a number of cells and cellular elements play a role. It is a lifetime disease which is not completely curable. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma, oxidative stress being an important one. In healthy humans, the toxicity of free radicals is inhibited by enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems. In asthmatics, the function of these endogenous systems is impaired. Despite treatment, asthma morbidity and mortality steadily increases. The search for new drugs can be based on the knowledge of the pathological changes associated with the disease, and can also be inspired by folk medicine. As regards the latter approach, new, more potent substances could be obtained by isolation and chemical modification of natural products. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to elucidate the effects of selected substances on the respiratory system of rats by in vivo and in vitro methods. We investigated the effects of orally administered α-tocopherol on the lung response in an in vivo rat model of allergic asthma. The second part of this thesis deals with natural quinazoline alkaloids (Justicia adhatoda standardized extract, vasicine, vasicinone) and their synthetic analogues, and their relaxant effects on an isolated rat trachea. The...
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Coeliac disease and its impact in the life of a child at younger school-age.
MIKEŠOVÁ, Annemarie
Celiac sprue or celiac disease leads to a lifelong adherence to the diet, i.e. to a total exclusion of gluten from the diet. In celiac disease antibodies are released, that act autoimmune and affect the inherent small intestinal tissue, while the detachment of antibodies is caused by the presence of gluten in food. In pathological process the disorder of the morphology of small intestinal walls occurs, causing the reduction of intestinal villus height, which are physiologically present on every intestinal mucosa. In a critical state the subtotal or total atrophy of intestinal villi rises means their partial or complete disappearance. This damage of mucosa results in chronic inflammatory processes, which cause malabsorption.Celiac sprue is a chronic, autoimmune disease developing either on genetic background or due to the immune response.The basic and only treatment consist in longlife exclusion of gluten from the diet., i.e. the suppression of toxic protein occurring in cereal grain. Celiac sprue belongs to the incurable diseases and preventing the complications, which may occur in relation to a bad regime, is a matter of course. Nowadays the importance is attached to prevention, which is divided into three basic levels: primary, secondary and tertiary. The primary prevention is crucial, it is when the incidence of the disease is sought out. The time, when the gluten gets into the child´s body for the first time, has a great influence on the development of the disease. The main goal of this thesis was to map the issue of celiac disease of early-school-age children with a focus on the specifics of nursing using the literature available. The celiac disease issue was searched out in bibliographic publications and on the Internet. Based on the stated objective, the synthesis method, explanation or data demonstration was chosen for this bachelor thesis. Economic point of view is regarded as a fundamental issue of the disease. It turned out that only a small number of czech health insurance companies provides a catering allowance to celiac patients. It was found out, that in many EU states so called community care provided by community nurse, exists. There is no trend like this in Czech republic despite the fact, that this field can be studied in the master study. The nurse is an unsubstitutable member and fundamental pillar of a multidisciplinary team. She also has significant competencies in patient care and constitutes an irreplaceable place in nursing. The output of this theoretical thesis is to create a comprehensive view of the range of problems related to celiac disease of early-school-age children.
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The role of innate immunity cells in the pathogenesis of celiac disease
Dáňová, Klára ; Palová Jelínková, Lenka (advisor) ; Černý, Jan (referee)
Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease which occurs in susceptible individuals after ingestion of food containing gluten. Gluten and its monomeric fraction gliadin induce inflammatory damage of the small intestine by activating the immune cells that react strongly to gluten peptides. Gluten peptides have the ability to activate cells of adaptive as well as innate immune system. This work is focused on the production of interleukin (IL)-1 in antigen presenting cells stimulated with peptic gliadin digest. We found that monocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from blood of celiac patients secrete significantly more IL-1α and IL-1β than cells of healthy donors after stimulation with gliadin digest. The gliadin-induced IL-1β expression is controlled by a signaling cascade that includes MAPK kinase family molecules and transcription factor NF-κB. Moreover, we found that the adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 play a role in the signaling cascade underlying gliadin-induced IL-1β expression by using murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC). The precursor form of IL-1β in gliadin- stimulated PBMC and murine BMDC is maturated by caspase-1. In celiac PBMC the gliadin- induced maturation and secretion of IL-1β depends on the potassium...
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Study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for Crohn's disease
Dušátková, Petra
Mgr. Petra Dušátková, Studium jednonukleotidových polymorfizmů v kandidátních genech pro Crohnovu chorobu Abstract Crohn's disease (CD) is ranked among inflammatory bowel diseases. The etiology of the disease is not completely understood yet. However, it is assumed that genetic predispositions may play important role in the etiology of CD. This work is a part of a project studying causality of single nucleotide polymorhisms within candidate genes for CD in the Czech population. We tested in total 333 patients with CD and 499 healthy subjects for SNPs: c.3020insC, p.Gly908Arg, p.Arg702Trp within the gene CARD15, g.-308G>A within the gene TNFA, p.Arg381Gln within the gene IL23R a p.Ala197Thr within the gene ATG16L1. For determination of the genotypes we used alellic discrimination in TaqMan sonds format. Variants c.3020insC, p.908Arg within the gene CARD15 were significantly associated with CD (OR = 4,4; 95%CI 3,0 - 6,4, OR = 2,7; 95%CI 1,4 - 5,0, respectively). SNP p.702Trp was associated with CD after adjustation for other two polymorphisms within the gene CARD15 (OR = 1,7; 95%CI 1,0 - 2,7). We found the protective effect of the p.381Gln in the gene IL23R (OR = 0,6; 95%CI 0,3 - 1,0). Variant p.197Ala within the gene ATG16L1 increased the risk of CD (OR = 1,3; 95%CI 1,0 - 1,9). We did not detect association...
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The investigation of markers in urine with a focus of IMC
BAŠTÝŘOVÁ, Veronika
Abstract Urinary passage infection is one of the most frequent diseases in both children and adult populations. The UPI (Urinary Passage Infection) diagnostics is based on clinical data obtained from the sick, i.e. on anamnestic data, clinical current problems and examination of urine and blood. When examining urine, it is possible to detect infection markers, which show evidence of an acute or chronic infection. To ensure correct interpretation, it is necessary to comply with the required methodologies in both pre-analytic and actual analytic phases. The objective of this bachelor thesis is to prove that within the studies and preparation of the bachelor thesis, I mastered the laboratory methodology of examination of UPI markers in urine. I processed the biological material both independently and under expert supervision. I worked in biochemical and microbiological laboratories, where I myself performed the examination or participated in the examinations of inflammatory markers on devices. Within the preparation of the bachelor thesis, I examined samples of urine from children as well as adults. Altogether I examined 120 samples of urine chemically, microscopically and microbiologically. During the chemical examination, I worked under the expert supervision of a laboratory worker and used the automatic spectrophotometer Clinitek Atlas. I examined osmolality with the use of an osmometer. To identify important bacteriuria, the transport set Uricult was used. The reading was performed in compliance with the enclosed manuals. I assessed the results of the examination after a consultation with a doctor, namely in the clinical-biochemical department of the hospital Nemocnice Jindřichův Hradec a.s., and interpreted them after a consultation with Prof. MUDr. Miloš Velemínský, CSc. All examinations were documented. The result of the bachelor thesis is the presentation of own results obtained by examination of urine for inflammatory markers of UPI and their documentation.
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Therapy and prevention recurrence of rhinal polyposes
Porzerová, Miroslava ; Schalek, Petr (advisor)
Nasal polyposis , although it is a benign disease , is an important medical problem , especially unpleasant subjective perception of disease patient and the frequency of relapses of the disease , the monitoring we In the present work studied . There are many different definitions of the disease , generally recognized consensus of specialists dealing with nasal polyposis is characterized by nasal polyps oedematous mucosa as pouches which may be present to a varying extent from a polyp to diffuse polyposis , and that besides the nasal cavity can also affect paranasal sinuses. The etiology of nasal polyposis is complex , but in general it can be said that Nasal polyps are the final stage of the inflammatory process of different origin . this inflammation process is often not limited to the mucosa of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses - nasal polyposis is often part of other diseases such as cystic fibrosis . (Table 1 ) As mentioned above , nasal polyposis is a disease with a relatively high number of relapses and after radical - surgical - treatment. Even after the successful "cure " a combination of nasal polyposis treatments with the expected additive effect fails to prevent relapse in all patients. In the present work we have tried to describe the basics of epidemiology nasal polyposis ( differences in...
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