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Is women's vaccination against HPV in the Czech Republic cost-effective?
Lušková, Martina ; Šlegerová, Lenka (advisor) ; Bryndová, Lucie (referee)
Is women's vaccination against HPV in the Czech Republic cost-effective? Bachelor's Thesis Author of the Thesis: Martina Lušková Abstract This thesis approaches the cost-effectiveness of women's vaccination against human papillomaviruses (HPV) in the Czech Republic. HPV is a pathogen responsible for the majority of diagnosed cervical carcinomas. The aim is to assess the current reimbursement setting of HPV vaccination compared to the designed change. In order to increase the vaccination coverage and subsequently decrease the future treatment costs, two strategies were proposed. A homogenous multistate Markov model is developed to model the transition among states representing the stages of progression of the cervical carcinoma. Transition analysis is performed based on the data collected for the purpose of healthcare reimbursement under public health insurance. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio suggests that increased immunization coverage (from 65.8% to 80%) fuelled by the campaign promoting vaccination seems to be cost-effective assuming the threshold of 1.2 million CZK per one quality-adjusted life year. The strategy promoting the vaccination together with extending the age (from thirteen-year-olds by cohorts of fourteen- and fifteen-year-olds) at which vaccination is reimbursed delivers analogous...
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Knowledge and attitudes to HPV immunisation IV
Jelínková, Tereza ; Zimčíková, Eva (advisor) ; Kolmanová, Eliška (referee)
Knowledge and attitudes to HPV immunisation IV Author: Tereza Jelínková Thesis supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Introduction HPV infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases causing, apart from genital warts, other malignancies, most often cervical cancer. The most effective way of prevention is vaccination. So far, there have been 3 types of vaccines, most recent one being the nonavalent vaccine providing up to 90 % protection against cervical cancer- causing HPV, in contrast to the previously available 70 % protection from bivalent or quadrivalent vaccines. Aims The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes towards vaccination against HPV, and knowledge about HPV in general, among secondary school students. Furthermore, to determine their vaccination status and compare the findings with data from previous theses, including a comparison of their knowledge about HPV and relevant prevention. Methodology The data was obtained by means of a questionnaire survey, which took place at three secondary schools. In December 2017 at Gymnázium in Mladá Boleslav, then during June 2018 at Gymnázium in Brandýs nad Labem, and finally in September 2018 at Gymnázium Chotěboř. The obtained data was recorded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then...
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Knowledge and attitudes to HPV immunisation IV
Jelínková, Tereza ; Zimčíková, Eva (advisor) ; Kolmanová, Eliška (referee)
Knowledge and attitudes to HPV immunisation IV Author: Tereza Jelínková Thesis supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, Ph.D. Introduction HPV infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases causing, apart from genital warts, other malignancies, most often cervical cancer. The most effective way of prevention is vaccination. So far, there have been 3 types of vaccines, most recent one being the nonavalent vaccine providing up to 90 % protection against cervical cancer- causing HPV, in contrast to the previously available 70 % protection from bivalent or quadrivalent vaccines. Aims The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes towards vaccination against HPV, and knowledge about HPV in general, among secondary school students. Furthermore, to determine their vaccination status and compare the findings with data from previous theses, including a comparison of their knowledge about HPV and relevant prevention. Methodology The data was obtained by means of a questionnaire survey, which took place at three secondary schools. In December 2017 at Gymnázium in Mladá Boleslav, then during June 2018 at Gymnázium in Brandýs nad Labem, and finally in September 2018 at Gymnázium Chotěboř. The obtained data was recorded in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then...
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The vaccination against cervical cancer
Sekaninová, Jitka ; Kolářová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Pešťanská, Zuzana (referee)
The topic of my thesis is cervical cancer and its prevention with emergence on vaccination against cervical cancer. The aim of my diploma thesis is to use analyzation of the campaign against cervical cancer, All I can, and analyzation of interviews with mothers who have decided to vaccinate their daughters to find out how the responsibility of mothers for health of daughters is constructed in the connection with cervical cancer. I am interested in how campaign promoting a vaccination articulates what is good or bad motherhood and how mothers construct a good motherhood. I am also interested in gender consequences of campaign that it brings and how mothers prevent health of their daughters. The thesis shows that health is our project and is as good as we care about it. In the connection with reproductive health there is mainly appear a theme of considering risks which participate on creation of good parenthood. The thesis talks about different medicalization of child body that is set up and reproduce by interviewed mothers and by campaign. It brings gender inequalities and stereotypical gender constructions and questions of who is responsible for reproductive health.
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Opinions of the adult population about mandatory and optional vaccination in the Czech Republic
NEDBALOVÁ, Martina
For my bachelor thesis, I have chosen the topic of Adult Population Opinions on Mandatory and Optional Vaccination in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part I deal with the history of vaccination, basic concepts related to vaccination, composition of vaccines, and distribution of vaccines. A separate chapter is vaccination under the National Immunization Program, i.e. all mandatory, regular vaccinations. Out of the optional vaccinations we take a closer look at vaccination against flu and vaccination against cervical cancer, which are vaccinations around which there are many unanswered questions. The last chapters deals with the side effects of vaccination and negative attitudes of people towards vaccination, where I quote mainly the views of doctors who are against vaccination. The theoretical part is followed by the practical part for which I've set three goals. The primary objective is to find out what is the opinion on compulsory and optional vaccinations in the Czech Republic in the adult population. I also try to find out whether there are people in the population who do not agree with the vaccination. The final objective is to find out what are the vaccination rates for optional vaccines. Part of the thesis is quantitative research based on the questioning method. The questionnaire is based on research assumptions and has been published on the Internet. In one month, 366 respondents answered the questionnaire. The results are presented in form of graphs. My bachelor thesis can help you to better understand the issues concerning vaccination, to deepen the knowledge and, last but not least, to reflect on and build your own opinion on this controversial topic.
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Vaccination against the papilomavirus infections at female students 8th and 9 elementary school classes in the region Písek and their awareness of the issues
MAREŠOVÁ, Lucie
This dissertation thesis touches very current and among public and experts often discussed topic. It concerns particularly matter of papillomaviral infections and vaccination against them. The research proved vaccination-coverage level of respondents and also their knowledge level. The vaccination-coverage level of girls is very high (almost 80%). A lot of girls also used possibility of full vaccination in the age of 13. This dissertation thesis should serve as a source and summary information about HPV viruses, diseases caused by them, about ways of transmission and epidemiological measures. Furthermore it also informs about cervical cancer, risk factors, diagnostical possibilities, therapy and at last but not lest about prevention of cervical carcinoma.
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EFFECTIVITY OF SCREENING PROGRAMS OF NEOPLASMS IN CZECH REPUBLIC
Valášková, Veronika ; Pechholdová, Markéta (advisor) ; Nývlt, Ondřej (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the national screening programs for cancer diagnosis. The goal of this thesis is to find a proper way how to evaluate the effectivity of screening programs as well as their influence on the intensity of mortality from certain types of cancer. For the purpose of finding out necessary information were used data related to the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, a diagnosis of cervical cancer and breast cancer in the population of the Czech Republic between 1977 - 2011. This thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the topic and contains the description of the main goals. The second chapter defines terms that are crucial for this thesis. The third chapter is devoted to data sources and institutions that collect different types of data and health statistics. The next chapter deals with the epidemiology of all described types of cancer and also provide information on risk factors and symptoms of the disease. The fifth chapter looks back at trends in mortality and incidence of the most common malignant tumors in the Czech Republic. The sixth chapter describes planning and implementation of screening processes. The seventh history of screening programs in the Czech Republic. The eighth chapter deals with the rules and regulations of the EU Council and the World Health Organization. The ninth chapter represents the final assessment of Czech screening programs, compared both to the WHO guidelines and the results in the world. The last chapter is including description of mortality and their reaction on screening programs. Text describes even comparison with two other European countries (Germany, France).
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Knowledge, attitudes and practice of vaccination against HPV - the male and female population
MANOVÁ, Michaela
The theoretical part summarizes information about cervical cancer, which is caused by the human papilloma virus. Cervical cancer is ranked on the second place in the incidence of cancers world wide. Virus HPV affects both men and women. For men, it results in the emergence of genital warts or cancer of the penis. Although there are existing opportunites for effective prevention for men, the focus is more on the female population.This thesis looks at the current problems in the prevention of cervical cancer, which affects an ever growing number of women and men. In this work, we find out how informed are the young people about cervical cancer, their knowledge about possibilities of prevention, and experience of vaccinated respondents in the age in which this vaccination is recommended, that is, before the start of an active sexual life. In the research part, is a summary of a questionnaire, which was done among pupils of a primary school in Plzen. The age range of respondents was 13- 16 years. The research included both girls and boys. The assumption that girls are more informed and are more interested in information regarding cervical cancer and boys on the contrary don?t search for this information because they think that this problem does not concern them , was largely confirmed by this research.
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Prevention of cervical cancer at girls
WABNEGGEROVÁ, Zlata
This bachelor thesis deals with the prevention of cervical cancer at girls. Cervical cancer is a serious disease that affects women of every age. The cause of the high mortality is mainly little support of primary prevention measures and late detection of the first signs of cancer. Regular gynecological examinations are the most a Affordable protection against cancer disease for women. Just cervical cancer is one of the only gyneacological tumour, whose formation can be prevented by regular gyneacological examinations. Currently, there is no doubt about the etiological relation between cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV hereafter). Now the Infection with human papillomavirus is seen as an etiological factor in a variety of malignant tumours of anogenital area, particularly of the cervix, but also the vagina and vulva, anus and penis and other skin and mucosal cancers at others sities. Recently, there has been the breaking point in this field. This is the advent of HPV vaccination. The new development in 2006 was the possibility of vaccination against certain types of HPV. The first registered quadrivalent vaccine against tumour disease has become the Silgard vaccine. The vaccine Silgard is designed to prevent from the infection with HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 It is designed for women and girls aged from 9 to 25. The bivalent vaccine against HPV types 16 and 18 Cervarix was bronght to market one year after the introduction of the quadrivalent vaccine. Cervarix is designed prevent for girls and women aged from 10 to 26. The vaccination is also suitable for older, sexually active women, because even in older age still did not meet these high-risk types, the vaccination also protects against repeated infection. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes the current state of cervical disease. The thesis also describes the risk factors, diseases of the cervix, further manifestations of HPV infection. In the theoretical part there are also screening, diagnosis and classification. In particular, the description of colposcopy, cytology, biopsy, HPV test and cytology LBC. In the chapter treatoment are ablative and destructive methods. Of course a midwife has an important role in the prevention of the disease. The importance and the role of nurses in the prevention of this disease are described in Chapter 2. Using the educational process and communication the nurse can affect awareness and responsible behaviour of women and thus promote the prevention of the disease. The practical part contains the objective, partial objectives, methodology and results of research. The aim of the thesis was to find out what is the girls´ knowledge concerning the prevention of cervical cancer. The sub-objectives examined what information about the prevention girls have, whether they know the principles of the prevention in gynaecological examinations, whether the price of the vaccine affects the choice of one of the method of the prevention and whether they are aware of risk factors for cervical cancer. The survey was effected by using the technique of quantitative investigation by means of a special questionnaire. The group of respondents consisted of girls aged from 15 to 18 in the Pilsen region. A total of 103 girls participated in the survey. 52 % of the girls study in a school with medical specialization, 45% of the girls without medical specialization, remaining 3 % of the girls work (total 100 %). 60 % of the girls know that one of the risk factors is promiscuity. 45 % of girls knows that this is a disease caused by HPV 47 % of the respondents know that the disease is transmitted by sexual intercouse and even 46 % of the girls carriers my be men. Of the 103 girls 46 % of girls are vaccinated against cervical cancer, 81 % of the girls know that the best time for vaccination is before sexual activity. The relatively low awareness of the disease is from gynaecologists, schools and families.
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The evaluation of attitudes towards prevention of papillomaviruses infections in girls and women in České Budějovice and value of vaccination against papillomaviruses infections in students of ZSF JU.
FÜRSTOVÁ, Romana
Human papillomaviruses, also known in English as human papillomavirus, shortened HPV, are uncoated DNA viruses, called naked, that belong to the family Papoviridae. These are viruses which are known as small tumour viruses. Today, more than 100 types of human papillomaviruses are known, of which more than 40 infect the genital tract of men and women. Human papillomavirus is not only an agent of genital warts, which have been known and described in the medicine for two millennia, but also plays an important role in the development of cancer. Since the first thoughts about the relationship of viral infections and tumour, the development of knowledge came to the current view of HPV as an independent risk factor, particularly in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Papillomavirus types 16 and 18 play an important role in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer. Today, it has been scientifically proven that papillomavirus infection is a starting factor for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is not only a serious health problem but also a medical and social one in Europe. It is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. HPV infection is currently the most common sexually transmitted disease. Up to 80 % of sexually active population meet HPV infection during their life, the highest prevalence rate of HPV is found in the age group of 18-25 years. Cervical cancer is a preventable disease after the development of a vaccine against HPV and introduced screening. The first, theoretical, part of the paper gives a comprehensive overview of various aspects of human papillomavirus infections based on the study of professional literature. In the second, research, part of my paper I focused on evaluating the approaches to the prevention of human papillomavirus infection as well as the cervical cancer in girls and women in České Budějovice and also the level of vaccination in students of the Faculty of Health and Social Studies against HPV. Based on the objectives of the paper hypotheses were drawn. Both objectives of the paper have been achieved.
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