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Tolerance Pavlownia tomentosa in vitro k suchu a osmotické zátěži
Zapalač, Radek
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of abiotic stressors on plant growth and their acclimation responses. An in vitro culture experiment was conducted with Paulownia tomentosa plants for 35 days, in which growth parameters (reduction of leaf turgescence, leaf damage, plant height, number of nodes per stem, number of leaves and number of roots) and plant survival, under the treatment of three different osmotics at different concentrations in the medium (20 g/l sucrose – control, 80 g/l sucrose, 50 mM NaCl, 100 mM NaCl, 1.5 % PEG6000, 3 % PEG6000). On days 10 and 30 of the experiment, plant samples were collected for determination of ABA and proline content in leaves. The radioimmunoassay method was used to determine ABA content, while proline content was determined by spectrophotometric measurement. During the first ten days of cultivation, gas samples were also taken from the culture vessels to determine ethylene production, which was subsequently carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained were statistically and graphically processed and supplemented by photodocumentation.
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Assessment of drought response in local Scots pine ecotypes using anatomical, biochemical, and fluorescence stress markers.
Štěpánová, Kristýna ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Stejskal, Jan (referee)
Global climate change and associated global warming is already a problem for temperate forest ecosystems and will continue to exacerbate the problem in the coming decades. Many species will have to adapt to a multifactorial combination of stresses, with increases in average air temperature, frequency and intensity of precipitation increasing drought episodes and drought-affected areas will enlarge. It is necessary to find ways to help the landscape cope with these intensifying phenomena. The possibility of planting suitable tree species that can manage water efficiently and survive even in periods of intense water scarcity is an option. The drought tolerance of trees is related to their phenotypic plasticity and ecotypic differentiation. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is characterised by modest ecological demands on the environment and climate of the habitat, is phenotypically plastic and relatively drought resistant. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate and compare the response of different Scots pine ecotypes to drought stress due to reduced water availability using anatomical, biochemical, and fluorescence indicators of physiological status, and 2) to determine the biochemical phenotype of selected genotypes within a local Scots pine ecotype in a seed orchard in terms of...
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A possible role of proline in plant stress memory
Ušák, David ; Holá, Dana (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
The previous exposure to abiotic stress such as drought may prime plants, leading to their improved response upon later stress onset. This phenomenon, called plant stress memory, is linked to a plethora of mechanisms exerted on several levels. A complex analysis of proline metabolism in leaves and roots was performed to test the putative role of proline in such response to recurrent stress, represented by two periods of water deficit, interrupted by a period of rewatering during recovery. To provide a better understanding of intraspecific differences in drought stress memory response of plants and its inheritance, maize (Zea mays L.) parental genotypes with differing drought sensitivity and their F1 reciprocal hybrid offspring were chosen as the plant material. The water deficit had a more pronounced effect on proline metabolism in leaves than in roots. The proline content increased in response to drought, which was linked to a higher proline biosynthesis and a lower proline catabolism. Marked differences in proline metabolism among genotypes were observed, confirming the previous findings that recurrent drought response is not conserved even within the same species. However, contrary to the original assumptions on the role of proline in plant stress memory, the statistical analysis showed that...
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Analysis of parameters presumably associated with drought-resistance in various sorghum genotypes
Panchártek, Daniel ; Holá, Dana (advisor) ; Hniličková, Helena (referee)
The aims of this work were 1) to assess whether sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes originating from the India can be grown and analyzed in the climatic conditions of central Europe and 2) to find out the utilization potential of selected non- destructive and destructive methods based mostly on the chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements and the determination of photosynthetic pigments' content for the differentiation of sorghum genotypes based on their presumed drought tolerance. Field experiments made during 2 years compared 15 genotypes of this species (2 stay-green parental lines, 2 senescent parental lines and 11 introgression lines with stay-green loci), 2 of these genotypes were further analyzed in greenhouse conditions where the water deficit was induced by a cessation of watering for 12 days. The field-grown plants showed some differences between individual genotypes in all measured parameters; however, for the majority of the genotypes these differences were not statistically significant. The stay-green parental genotype B35 differred the most from the other ones in both field seasons, but the other stay-green genotypes usually did not differ from the senescent genotypes. No significant differences between both greenhouse-tested genotypes (presumably contrasting in their...
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Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plantago: mechanisms of tolerance
Dvořáková, Iveta ; Konrádová, Hana (advisor) ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (referee)
Plants are exposed to many adverse factors during their life cycles. Abiotic stresses are significantly limiting plant growth and development. Abiotic stress response mechanisms involve compatible solute synthesis (e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids). The aim of this study was to characterise the responses of plants from Plantago genus to different abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, cold and stress combination). The complete plants grew under in vitro conditions. I compared morphological parameters, selected metabolic parameters (carbohydrates balance and proline accumulation) under optimal conditions and stress exposure. This study was focused on plants from genus Plantago, because they differ from each other in their tolerance to the salinity. Both, the glycophyte and the halophyte species are described within this genus. Plantains produce besides widespread soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose) also sugar alcohol sorbitol, which has been reported as a significant component of the stress response. In addition, the reaction of plants to different carbon and energy sources was tested. More severe growth inhibition of the glycophyte Plantago lanceolata compared to the halophyte P. maritima was observed under salt treatment. Significant accumulation of sorbitol was observed...
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Osmotické přizpůsobení rekombinantních linií ječmene jarního s vyšší tolerancí k suchu a jeho hodnocení v polních podmínkách
Baláž, David
The thesis deals with the role of drought and the effects on growth, morphology and yield of barely. The evaluation of the physiological mechanisms at the level of the osmotic adjustment of plants was done at two locations differing in the soil water regime. These mechanisms were studied on a group of 20 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from crosses between spring barley Jersey (spring malting cultivar) and Syrian landrace Tadmor, which was used as a donor of drought tolerance. The progeny derived from reciprocal crosses were evaluated for yield parameters (thousand grain weight, grain yield per plant, the proportion of grains over 2 mm) and qualitative parameters (starch content and nitrogen content). The physiological status of the plants was evaluated using relative water content, osmotic potential (OP) and proline content as an osmotically active substance. The effect of location on all above mentioned parameters was estimated on parental varieties as well as on RIL lines. According to the results several lines were selected which exhibit relatively high stability of yield and qualitative parameters at both locations. The relationship between the yield parameters and values associated with the mechanism of osmotic adjustment (RWC, OP and proline content) was not clearly demonstrated. Decrease of OP and increase of proline content in plants cultivated under dry conditions at location Žabčice mostly corresponded to increased level of plant wilting, therefore it is possible that only passive mechanism for OP was involved. This mechanism did not affect the drought tolerance.
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Physiological mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in Sorghum bicolor
Kratochvíl, Jan ; Konrádová, Hana (advisor) ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (referee)
Current agriculture is facing a serious challenge of decreasing precipitation and irregular occurrence of drought periods including their unfavorable distribution during the vegetation season. This leads to growing interest in planting highly drought-resistant crops like sorghum. In comparison with other crops, sorghum excels in low water demand, though exhibits high susceptibility to low temperatures, which hampers its spread to new regions. Surprisingly, there is not enough information about the nature of sorghum's reaction to cold exposure. The aim of this diploma thesis was to describe reactions of young sorghum plants exposed to cold stress, low water availability and their combination and to verify the possibility of plant hardening through previous low-stress load. The special focus was paid to changes in carbohydrate metabolism, which plays generally very important role in plant defense reactions. The other analyzed physiological traits were leaf tissue osmotic potential, proline content and basic morphometric characteristics. Experimental design consisted of pot experiments conducted in growth chambers and the experiments performed under controlled conditions in vitro, using two sorghum genotypes "Ruzrok" and "01Z1800012". Both genotypes exhibited similar response to stress treatment....
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Markers of pine physiological state in relation to genetic variability
Šafránková, Anna ; Albrechtová, Jana (advisor) ; Prášil, Ilja (referee)
Breeding of coniferous trees in the Czech Republic is undergoing an important development during last decades, especially thanks to molecular-genetic methods, which refine and simplify mapping of tree genotypes and the selection of superior genotypes. Recently, in the Czech Republic superior genotypes are selected based on forestry parameters (tree height, trunk diameter, and timber quality) what does not always correlate with the ability of a tree to resist abiotic and biotic stresses. Recently, there is an effort to include in the breeding also physiological parameters and select superior genotypes using nonspecific stress indicators, which are able to correspond better to tree fitness than the forestry growth parameters. The present thesis deals with genotypes of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in seed orchards Doubrava and Silov in the Pilsen region in the Czech Republic. Seed orchards are tree plantations, which serve as a reserve of the genetically valuable reproduction material, they are parts of breeding programs. Pine needles were collected in July 2015 and analyzed for non-specific stress indicators - photosynthetic pigments, phenolics, lignin, cellulose and proline contents and leaf reflectance and fast chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. First objective of the present thesis...
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Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Plantago: mechanisms of tolerance
Dvořáková, Iveta ; Konrádová, Hana (advisor) ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (referee)
Plants are exposed to many adverse factors during their life cycles. Abiotic stresses are significantly limiting plant growth and development. Abiotic stress response mechanisms involve compatible solute synthesis (e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids). The aim of this study was to characterise the responses of plants from Plantago genus to different abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, cold and stress combination). The complete plants grew under in vitro conditions. I compared morphological parameters, selected metabolic parameters (carbohydrates balance and proline accumulation) under optimal conditions and stress exposure. This study was focused on plants from genus Plantago, because they differ from each other in their tolerance to the salinity. Both, the glycophyte and the halophyte species are described within this genus. Plantains produce besides widespread soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose) also sugar alcohol sorbitol, which has been reported as a significant component of the stress response. In addition, the reaction of plants to different carbon and energy sources was tested. More severe growth inhibition of the glycophyte Plantago lanceolata compared to the halophyte P. maritima was observed under salt treatment. Significant accumulation of sorbitol was observed...
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