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Pařezová výmladnost jako základ obnovy a produkce nízkého lesa =: Stump sprouting as a basis for the regeneration and production of coppice /
Uherková, Barbora
In 2008, a young coppice was established and studied in the south-eastern part of the Czech Republic. The main studied species Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl agg. and Carpinus betulus L. are typical species of Central European coppices. The aim of the dissertation thesis was to study the topic of re-sprouting, the process when the new regeneration of sprouts is created. Re-sprouting occurred after thinning carried out at the turn of the years 2014/2015. The number of live and dead new sprouts was recorded, and their heights were measured. Subsequently, the effects of the stump basal area before and after thinning, the thinning intensity, leaf area index and light conditions (gap fraction, openness, direct, indirect and total site factor) were studied on the newly established generation of sprouts. Another aim of the dissertation thesis was to find out the effect of thinning on the growth of the coppice in the current changing climate conditions. For three growing seasons (2015 –2017) after the thinning, the growth (diameter and height increments) and soil water content were observed. To study the effect of climatic conditions, a throughfall reduction was simulated by using drainage channels. Similar system of drainage channels was used in Spain, France and other countries. To address the topic of soil degradation, the impact of throughfall reduction and thinning on soil CO2 efflux was investigated. Comparison between subplots with and without thinning, subplots with and without throughfall reduction and coppice with false high forest (control area to the research area of coppice forest) were carried out. As far as the re-sprouting is concerned, the stump basal area before thinning and the thinning intensity statistically significantly influenced the number and height of the new sprouts. Among all factors of light condition, only the indirect site factor was statistically significant. Therefore, the thinning affected soil moisture and the amount of light in the coppice. In the first year after the thinning, the diameter increments of sessile oak and European hornbeam were positively influenced by thinning. In the following two growing seasons, thinning did not significantly influence the diameter increment. However, the height increment of both trees during the whole study period has not been positively affected by thinning. On the other hand, thinning significantly affected the soil moisture. During the three-year study period, soil moisture was higher on thinned plots. This finding is in coincidence with research experiments carried out in southern Europe. The second studied factor, which was the throughfall reduction, did not influence neither the diameter increment, nor the height increment and nor the soil moisture in both species for the entire period. Thinning did not affect soil CO2 efflux rates, whereas the throughfall reduction did. Coppice reached almost the same soil CO2 efflux rates as the false high forest. In conclusion, thinning in coppice leads to an increase of available soil water. The water availability will be very actual issue at lower altitudes – here the tree species are sensitive to high air temperatures and drought stress. It should be noted that the younger developmental stages of the forest stands show increased sensitivity to water deficit due to drought. Thanks to sprouting ability, coppicing can therefore be appropriate management in some deciduous stands at lower altitudes under changing climate conditions.
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Importance of biotic and abiotic components in feedback between plants and soil
Hanzelková, Věra ; Pánková, Hana (advisor) ; Knappová, Jana (referee)
The plant-soil feedback affects the forming of a plant community. Plants affect their own species as well as other species. The plant-soil feedback can be both positive and negative. Plants affect soil, change its properties, and the soil affects the plants reciprocally. Soil components can be divided into biotic and abiotic ones. The abiotic component is represented by physical and chemical properties of the soil. The main properties are the soil structure, the soil moisture, the soil temperature, the soil pH and the amount and availability of nutrients. The biotic component is composed of soil biota. The individual organisms can function as decomposers, symbionts and pathogens. The majority of soil organisms is composed of microorganisms, the most important of which are fungi and bacteria. The effect of the abiotic component in plant-soil feedback is mostly nonspecific, while the effect of the biotic component is more specific. These components interact with each other and determine the resulting effect on the plants and the type and intensity of interaction between various plant species. The aim of this thesis is to show the importance of these components in the plant-soil feedback. Key words: plant-soil feedback, abiotic factors, biotic factors, soil structure, soil water, soil temperature, pH,...
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Analysis of selected variations of the gravity due to the mass dynamics
Volařík, Tomáš ; Lederer,, Martin (referee) ; Vatrt, Viliam (referee) ; Mojzeš,, Marcel (referee) ; Weigel, Josef (advisor)
This dissertation is focused on a study of selected environmental effects influencing terrestrial gravity observations. Global geopotential models were used to compute quantities of the disturbing gravity field and its variations during time period. Furthermore, analyses of an atmospherical and hydrological effects on the gravity observations were provided. The computation was realized at the station Pecný, however the concept was proved and compared with data from station Strasbourg. Consequently, the results were discussed with respect to quasigeoid modelling established from gravity and astrogeodetic measurements. The result and recommendations for future research are exposed.
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Variability of hydropedological characteristics in model catchments of Blanice River headwater area
Kozáková, Jana ; Kliment, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Královec, Václav (referee)
In this thesis are based on the scientific literature defined selected hydropedologic characteristics and is described their impact on motion and amount of water.in the soil and also on the runoff process. In this thesis are quoted methods that can be used for measuring motion and amount of water. Data obtained on several field campaigns and continuous measurement of soil moisture sensors Virrib was processed. Field campaign took place in catchments of Zbytinský and Tetřívčí stream, which are paired comparative experimental catchments. The continuous soil moisture was measured at three places, which differ in their vegetation and soil cover. Data Analysis was concentrate to evaluate soil moisture measured by Virrib, which were compared to soil moisture determined during field campaigns. The continuous soil moisture was measured at three places, which differ in their vegetation and soil cover. The results show that differences and similarities in the vegetation and soil cover greatly reflect on soil moisture. Subsequent comparison of two differently obtained soil moisture should show that the values obtained from Virrib are representative. But comparations of values discover, that in Virrib measurement can be found some inaccuracies. Keywords: hydropedological characteristics, runoff process,...
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Water regime of reclaimed and nonreclaimed heaps
Cejpek, Jiří ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Kuráž, Václav (referee)
Summary: Great Podkrusnohorska spoil heaps in the Sokolov region in Western Bohemia is the largest spoil heaps in the Czech Republic, which was pour million tonnes of overburden soil surface mining of brown coal. The thesis is setting on the basic characteristics of the water regime and water balance of spoil heap soil and thus follows a series of previous works dealing with the comparative development of the reclaimed and unreclaimed area. The areas are long-term monitoring of soil moisture using a dielectric soil moisture meter total water regime was monitored by subsurface with gravitation lyzimeter, runoff and throughfall rainfall. Older unreclaimed plots as well as reclaimed plots have higher porosity, water field capacity and moistre than young sites, however there are limited by water deficiency in similatr way as young sites due to increase in wilting point. Keywords: Spoil heaps, Recultivation, Soil humidity, Water supply, Water balance
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An influence of farming system on soil water distribution
Voda, Filip ; Jakšík, Ondřej (advisor) ; Nikodem, Antonín (referee)
Farming the soil can significantly influence quality of surface and ground water because it is carried out both on the soil and in the whole landscape, where the water within its hydrological cycle comes from. Water distribution in the soil can be significantly influenced by character of the land. This work describes soil properties which affects water retention and distribution, for example porosity, texture, soil structure and bulk density. All these factors determine soil cultivation that depends on its actual humidity. There are farming practices described, too. These practices can significantly influence water contents in the soil, soil humidity and the influence of surface water on soil erosion. Factors which influence water distribution within soils are sorted into individual chapters. They are soil, cultivation and its depresion, water erosion, edaphone water regime of soil and the influence of vegetation to water regime of soil. In the end of this work, we conclude that reduced and soil-protective technologies have positive influence on water regime, macroedaphone biomass content (higher number of earthworms), surface runoff reduction and therefore minimize a risk of soil water erosion and unfavorable soil compaction in comparison to conventional technologies.
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The impact of small water reservoir on soil moisture in Litovicko-Šárecký brook basin
Kovář, Martin ; Hradilek, Václav (advisor) ; Jačka, Lukáš (referee)
Currently, when there is a reduction of soil water due to drought, is appropriate measure to start systematic collection of data on soil moisture. In this work the soil moisture content was measured on the Litovicko-Šárecký brook basin near a small water reservoir Strand. The datat were collected by direct method, which mean direct soil sampling and subsequent analysis, and indirect methods concretely gathering data by TMS datalogger. Measured data from direct and indirect methods are essentially agree in this, that small water reservoir Strnad hasnt effect at soil moisture in a distance 200 m. The last part describes the analysis of grain soils using aerometrical methods. The resulting soil types are further used for calibrating the TMS datalogger.
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Pedotransfer functions for estimation of moisture retention curves of medium-heavy soils of South Moravia
Gavlasová, Iva ; Doležal, Petr (referee) ; Kameníčková, Ivana (advisor)
The most important characteristics of each soil is its hydro-physical properties, which include retention curve. Retention curve expresses the relationship between humidity and pressure head. It is course affected by many factors such as grain size and mineralogical composition, humus content, structure and bulk density of dry soil. This thesis deals with direct and indirect determination of one of the basic hydraulic characteristics of the soil, soil moisture retention curve. For laboratory determination of moisture retention curves were used for sand tank and pressure instruments. Measured body retention curves were optimized RETC program.For indirect determination of retention curves were used Pedotransfer function by Wösten et . al .(1998 ) , derived from the European soils and under HYPRES Šútora and Štekauerová (2000). As in the project Wösten et al . (1998), PTF were processed for arable land in the area. The accuracy of both models PTF was assessed by the correlation coefficient R and standard error RMSE. Simple models PTF provide estimates of retention curves with sufficient accuracy for practical use in the locality.
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Determination of soil hydraulic characteristics in the selected location
Stoklásková, Adéla ; Doležal, Petr (referee) ; Kameníčková, Ivana (advisor)
This thesis deals with direct and indirect determination of soil hydraulic characteristics (retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) in the locality of Bohaté Málkovice. For laboratory determination of soil moisture retention curve is used sand tank and pressure relief device. For the indirect determination of soil hydraulic characteristics is used computer software Rosetta, which includes 5 models of pedotransfer functions. For estimatiton of retention curves are applied previously derived pedotransfer function (continuous parametric PTF and point PTF).
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