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Characterization of fungal community in spruce (Picea abies) litter using cultivation and T-RFLP
Kolářová, Zuzana ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Brabcová, Vendula (referee)
Fungi have a key role in the decomposition of coniferous litter and affect nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Therefore, great emphasis is placed on exploring the diversity of these organisms. The aim of this thesis was to describe fungal diversity in spruce litter and revealed temporal development of this community in a forest regenerating after bark beetle outbreak. Another objective was to compare sites with different length of bark beetle damage. The study area was located in the Bohemian Forest mountain range. Litter bags with spruce needles were placed on the forest soil and several samplings were performed in the course of three years. Diversity of fungi and changes in the fungal community were assessed by two methods: cultivation of needles on 2ř MEA and fingerprinting method T-RFLP. In total 71 fungal species were obtained from needles during a three-year succession by cultivation approach. Using T-RFLP 122 different fragments were generally recorded. The dominant species were Scleroconidioma sphagnicola, Thysanophora penicillioides, Hormonema dematiodes, Ceuthospora pinastri, species of genus Chalara, Trichoderma polysporum, Mycena galopus and unknown species Helotiales sp. 1. Primary saprotrophs occured in the community mainly in first 8 months and then were replaced by basidiomycetes....
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Long-term disturbance dynamics of spruce forest in High Tatra Mts.
Beranová, Jana ; Kuneš, Petr (advisor) ; Jamrichová, Eva (referee)
Spruce forest is an important production ecosystem for our civilization. Its development can be affected by three main types of disturbances: forest fire, windstorms and spruce bark beetle attack. Experiences with a massive and long-term attack of spruce bark beetle in the Šumava mountains and a strong windstorm in 2004 in the spruce forest in the High Tatra provoke questions, how natural are such severe disturbances. To understand the current development of forest ecosystems, it is necessary to study past structure of these forests and frequency of forest disturbances. This work is about locality Tatranská Lomnice located in the High Tatra mountains, in the belt of mountain spruce forest. In my work, I used mainly pollen and plant macro-fossils analyses. I compared my data with disturbance information originating from dendroecology for windstorms and from charcoal analysis for fires. My research found that according to the pollen assemblages, most of the disturbances did not have strong influence on the forest composition, and most likely they only caused the forest thinning. The most significant fire occurred around 1420. The most significant wind disturbance probably occurred in 1890. The was not found any effect of spruce bark beetle. In the past millennium disturbances affected spruce forest...
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The Regeneration Stand and HeighIncrement 10 Years after a Dieback Caused by Bark Beetle Outbreak
Zenáhlíková, J. ; Svoboda, M. ; Wild, Jan ; Kopecký, Martin ; Macek, Martin
In 1990s the bark beetle outbreak caused a dieback of mountain spruce forest in Sumava National Park. We analyzed structure of mature stands and natural regeneration more than 10 years after a dieback in 1998. After that forests have been left without human interventions. Nine square plots (400 m(2)) were measured by technology FiledMap. It was examined: trees, snags, stumps and regeneration. Tree layer is completely destroyed, there are only standing stumps, snags and lying logs. There are any mature trees. The dominant species was spruce (Picea abies), only one living rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) was on P60. There were only 25 livings trees higher than 3 m on all plots together. In regeneration density was dominant spruce - 97 %, rowan was represented with 4 %. The number of regeneration differed between plots and covers variation in density which ranched between 1260 12000 ind/ha. Height of regeneration has normal distribution with mean 46 cm, which agrees with age of 10 years. This indicates majority of regeneration established before or in time of stand decomposition. Striking was minimal rate of young individuals, which means lower generative restoration in phase after dieback of tree layer. Height increment increases with increasing height of regeneration. Stand openings lead to expansion of herbal vegetation.
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Characterization of fungal community in spruce (Picea abies) litter using cultivation and T-RFLP
Kolářová, Zuzana ; Koukol, Ondřej (advisor) ; Brabcová, Vendula (referee)
Fungi have a key role in the decomposition of coniferous litter and affect nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Therefore, great emphasis is placed on exploring the diversity of these organisms. The aim of this thesis was to describe fungal diversity in spruce litter and revealed temporal development of this community in a forest regenerating after bark beetle outbreak. Another objective was to compare sites with different length of bark beetle damage. The study area was located in the Bohemian Forest mountain range. Litter bags with spruce needles were placed on the forest soil and several samplings were performed in the course of three years. Diversity of fungi and changes in the fungal community were assessed by two methods: cultivation of needles on 2ř MEA and fingerprinting method T-RFLP. In total 71 fungal species were obtained from needles during a three-year succession by cultivation approach. Using T-RFLP 122 different fragments were generally recorded. The dominant species were Scleroconidioma sphagnicola, Thysanophora penicillioides, Hormonema dematiodes, Ceuthospora pinastri, species of genus Chalara, Trichoderma polysporum, Mycena galopus and unknown species Helotiales sp. 1. Primary saprotrophs occured in the community mainly in first 8 months and then were replaced by basidiomycetes....
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GPC of soil humic and fulvic acids from Trojmezí area
Šestauberová, Martina ; Novák, František
Humic (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) were isolated from individual soil horizons from podzol of spruce forest in Trojmezí stand (Bohemian Forest, 48°46´25¨ N, 13°51´04¨ E). Their molecular weight M.sub.r./sub. and weight-average molecular weight M.sub.w./sub. were determined by the gel permeation chromatography(GPC). For the high-molecular HA fraction (HM-HA), it was found the range of M.sub.r./sub. 380 – 569 kDa, for the main fraction of HA and for FA 6.7 – 31.4 kDa and 1.8 – 3.3 kDa, respectively. The M.sub.r./sub. of humic substances and the proportion of HM–HA decreased with soil depth. HA isolated from horizon B.sub.h./sub. didn´t contain any high-molecular fraction and its molecular weight approached the values specified for FA.
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