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The study of mitochondrial energy-metabolism maturation
Křížová, Jana ; Hansíková, Hana (advisor) ; Pecina, Petr (referee) ; Rauchová, Hana (referee)
During intrauterine development in mammals, the fetus is exposed to a hypoxic environment. To allow proper postnatal adaptation to external conditions, a rapid transition from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism by mitochondria is required in fetal tissues after birth. Mitochondrial maturation is a complex process that is not only transcriptionally regulated. Using techniques such as microarray analysis, quantitative PCR, measurement of enzyme activities or coenzyme Q (CoQ) levels, we have described the acceleration of mitochondrial metabolism in rat liver tissue and skeletal muscle during the perinatal period and correlated the results with those in humans. Of the 1546 rat mitochondrial genes tested, we found statistically significant differences in the expression of 1119 in liver and 827 in muscle. The most significant shift in expression occurred in the rat liver between 20th and 22nd day of gestation, suggesting that the rat fetus is ready for the transition to external conditions at least 2 days before birth. Changes in CoQ levels in both rats and humans show that the amount of CoQ is low inthe prenatal period and increases after birth in both tissues. We have described the atypical kinase Coq8ap as an enzyme whose expression increases significantly after birth. It was previously predicted to...
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Computational models of dendritic cell development
Štráchalová, Sára ; Bílý, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hartman, David (referee)
Computational modelling is gradually establishing its place in biology and medicine as a tool for research of systems and prediction of their behaviour. In this thesis we propose and analyze a simple compartmental model of the immune system and its responses, focusing on dendritic cells. These cells are an important component of the immune system that is crucial for initiation of the specific part of immune response. The analysis focuses on the types of behaviour and stability of the model. We compare our results with already existing basic model of the immune system. 1
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Maturation of brown adipose tissue
Csomová, Martina ; Žurmanová, Jitka (advisor) ; Mančíková, Andrea (referee)
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is activated under the influence of the adrenergic system and thyroid hormones in response to a cold stimulus. It's main task is to cover the body heat loss and maintain the stability of the internal environment . BAT is in most cases found in new-borns accounting for 5% of the whole body. Cells found in BAT contain a high number of mitochondria with high respiratory capacity but low ATP-synthase activity which allows the production of heat instead of ATP in process of glucose oxidation. The result is non-shivering thermogenesis. The task of my work is to summarize the current knowledge about the development of BAT and to point out the markers for its characterization. The work will also include differences in adipose tissue maturation in selected model organisms. Key words: brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, beige adipose tissue, non-shivering thermogenesis, uncoupling protein 1
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Biologická charakteristika dendritických buněk
Coufalová, Karmela
This thesis deals about characteristics of dendritic cells. Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells that can stimulate naive T and B cells and they can regulate immune response of organism. They differ from other cells in that they can express MHC I and MHC II molecules and in that they do not have surface immunoglobulines or lymphocytic and monocytic characters. Dendritic cells are spread nearly through all tissues of the organism. There are two main pathways myeloid and lymphoid. Dendritic cells have two forms: immature (tolerogenic) and matture (immunoregulatory). Follicular dendritic cells are special case of dendritic cells. They are morphologically similar to dendritic cells, but they have not the same origin. Dendritic cells can represent vector for immunotherapy of allergic diseases, infections, autoimmune diseases, tumor immunotherapy and they can play role also in transplantology. Recently, research deals with antitumor vaccination.
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Effect of heavy metal ions on Norway spruce embryos
?or?ević, Dragana
Aim of this work was to evaluate effect of copper and arsenic on Norway spruce embryogenic cell masses (ECMs) in different concentrations during 14 days proliferation period but as well during maturation and germination stages. Copper in lower concentrations increased the growth of ECMs while in higher concentrations growth was inhibited. Arsenic in concentrations 50, 250 and 500 uM showed very high toxicity and after 14 days proliferation period all ECMs were dead. In experiments with lower concentrations (10 and 25 uM), control had highest proliferation ratio while arsenic had insignificant difference on growth. Cell line I-1-3 had higher proliferation ratio and produced more somatic embryos during maturation in comparison with cell line III-3-3, respectively. After maturation certain number of abnormally developed cotyledonary somatic embryos was obtained. Norway spruce as a fast growing conifer tree is one of the most widely planted spruces and one of the most economically important species in Europe. The results of this thesis can help to understand effect of two tested metals on somatic embryogenesis but as well can be used for investigation of two tested clones in polluted soils.
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Function and structure of hydrogenases and their occurence in organisms
Košťálová, Alena ; Hrdý, Ivan (advisor) ; Šuťák, Róbert (referee)
Hydrogenases are microbial enzymes catalyzing reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen. These enzymes are mostly found in prokaryotes, but a few of them are present in eukaryotes as well. Hydrogenases are metalloproteins which are classified into three classes, [NiFe]-, [FeFe]- and [Fe]-hydrogenases, based on the composition of the active site. [NiFe]-hydrogenases are heterodimeric proteins with the active site localized in the large subunit. [FeFe]-hydrogenases are mostly monomeric and their active site is called H-cluster. Hydrogenases often possess additional domains that contain redox centers, mostly iron-sulfur clusters. Most of the accessory domains of hydrogenases are homologous to other redox complexes, e. g. Complex I of respiratory chain. Maturation of hydrogenases is a complex process involving the activity of several proteins, some of which have been already partially characterized. Compelling evidence indicates that [NiFe]- and [FeFe]-hydrogenases are phylogenetically distinct classes of proteins. This work deals with the differences among hydrogenases including their function, structure, maturation and distribution, and also mentions their similarities with other enzymes.
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Studium konverze somatických embryí smrku v rostliny
Psotová, Martina
This work deals with somatic embryogenesis of Picea abies. Part of this work was to compare the viability of plant growth regulator when used before maturation and without them. The main observations of the effects of regulators focused on the final phase of maturation and phase conversion in the plants. The research was conducted in laboratories Mendel University at the Department of Plant Biology. For conditions in the early stages was artificially maintained darknes phase stable air temperature of 23+-2°C together with artificial air circulation. In the following phases photoperiod was controlled, stable air temperature at 23+-2°C with artificial air circulation in the cultivation room. Effect of growth regulators used before maturation was studiedon plants at the final stage of maturation and during conversion to plants. Slower development of roots and aerial parts of plants in the variant with added growth regulators was observed.
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Strukturální změny somatických embryí jehličnanů během jejich zrání a konverze v rostliny uplatnitelné v krajinářské tvorbě
Pinkasová, Markéta
Somatic embryogenesis is an attractive method of vegetative propagation of conifers. However, in many species of conifers are still problems in growing high quality cotyledonary somatic embryos. This is the reason for low quantity of viable plants. Somatic embryogenesis is an integrated process consisting of several consecutive steps. The right timing of individual steps and appropriate in vitro environment is very important to complete the whole process of somatic embryogenesis successfully. However, in many conifers is still necessary to examine the correct procedures and to create better conditions to achieve successfully grown plants. The aim of this thesis was to study the development of somatic embryos of conifers during the maturation and conversion into viable plants. We focused on the prevalence of abnormal cotyledonary somatic embryos created at the end stage of maturation and whether these somatic embryos have the potential to develop into viable plants. It was further found that if cotyledonary somatic embryos develop in the stage of maturation in a certain way, then it can not be changed the appearance or structure of the somatic embryos, thus encouraging the formation of meristem from which it began to develop a plant. Furthermore, in this work we tested the ability of embryogenic lines of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver fir (Abies alba) to start the process of maturation after 3 years of maintenance culture on proliferation medium.
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