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Hormonal control of sexual size dimorphism in vertebrates
Tureček, Adam ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Frýdlová, Petra (referee)
Males and females of one species share the majority of the genome, often also the joint niche, but their phenotype is usually very different. The biggest difference between the sexes is the achievement of different sizes that can be controlled dimorphic secretion of hormones. Although many researches have been conducted on this topic, we still lack the knowledge that at least in vertebrates exists in this respect a single, common proximate mechanism or whether different types or lines vary considerably in hormonal control of dimorphism in body size. Growth is influenced by a variety of hormones that can interact - for example, growth hormone, somatomedins, thyroid hormones and steroid hormones. However, experimental studies have suggested that influence levels of sex steroid hormones can cause a change in sexual dimorphism in size. My work focuses on summarizing knowledge about hormonal influence dimorphic growth in vertebrates and analyse the methodology used. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Children's Growth
Vosáhlo, Jan ; Lebl, Jan (advisor) ; Marek, Josef (referee) ; Vaňková, Markéta (referee)
Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Children's Growth MUDr. Jan Vosáhlo Abstract Growth in childhood is a complex process of changing the body, which can be disrupted by various illnesses including endocrine disorders, particularly growth hormone deficiency. Tumors or other processes affecting hypothalamic-pituitary area can be a postnatal cause of GHD; prenatal causes include 1) developmental disorders of the pituitary as part of complex syndromes, 2) developmental disorders of the pituitary due to defects in regulatory genes and 3) defects in genes involved in the synthesis and secretion of GH. The first topic of the thesis was septo-optic dysplasia - a complex syndrome involving optic nerve hypoplasia, structural brain abnormalities and pituitary dysfunctions. We extensively described phenotype in 11 Czech patients; we observed both complete SOD and incomplete forms variously combining two of the three main components of the syndrome. The cohort then became a part of an international study of 68 patients, in which we studied the phenotype in dependence on the brain morphology. We found correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the degree of septum pellucidum abnormities and also a correlation between hippocampus and falx abnormities and neurological symptoms. As the second topic we studied...
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Physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects of selected endocrinopathies. Their relationship to adipose tissue matebolism and insulin resistance
Ďurovcová, Viktória ; Kršek, Michal (advisor) ; Saudek, František (referee) ; Štich, Vladimír (referee)
The pathogenesis of insulin resistance is a complex and still intensively studied issue. Endocrine and paracrine activity of the adipose tissue together with mi- tochondrial dysfunction are the most discussed potential factors included in the development of insulin resistance. In the first part of our study we examined the involvement of the adipose tissue and its secretory products in the etiopathogenesis of insulin resistance in patients with Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly and simple obesity. We focused on three important regulators of metabolic homeostasis - fibroblast growth factors 21 and 19 (FGF-21 and FGF-19) and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (FABP-4). We found significantly elevated circulating levels of FGF-21 and FABP-4 ac- companying insulin resistance in both patients with simple obesity and patients with obesity connected to Cushing's syndrome, as compared to healthy controls. The concentrations of both substances were comparable between hypercortisolic and obese patients. This finding together with the absence of correlation be- tween the levels of FGF-21 resp. FABP-4 and cortisol suggest that the reason for elevation of their concentrations is obesity and its metabolic consequences themselves rather then the effect of hypercortisolism on FGF-21 and FABP-4 production. We found no...
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Acipimox during Short-Term Exercise Exerts A Negative Feedback of Growth Hormone on Ghrelin Secretion in Patients with Bulimia Nervosa and in Healthy Women: The Role of Lipolysis
Smitka, Kvido ; Nedvídková, Jara (advisor) ; Kršek, Michal (referee) ; Čáp, Jan (referee)
Title: Acipimox during Short-Term Exercise Exerts A Negative Feedback of Growth Hormone on Ghrelin Secretion in Patients with Bulimia Nervosa and in Healthy Women: The Role of Lipolysis Objective: Eating disorders, such as bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa (AN), are characterized by abnormal eating behavior. The main features of BN are binge-eating and inappropriate compensatory methods to prevent weight gain. The appetite-modulating peptide ghrelin is secreted by the stomach and shows a strong release of growth hormone (GH). A potential GH-ghrelin feedback loop between stomach and the pituitary has been recently reported. Acipimox (Aci), an analogue of nicotinic acid, inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue (AT) and reduces plasma glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) levels. Exercise and Aci are stimulators of GH secretion. We suppose that a negative feedback from increased GH levels during exercise may play a role in reducing plasma ghrelin levels. We surmised that altered baseline activity and exercise-induced activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) results in excessive stimulation of lipolysis associated with negative energy balance and may lead to abnormal AT metabolism in patients with BN. Disruption of the gut-brain-AT axis might be involved in the pathogenesis of BN. The...
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Idiopathic short stature. Is it a disease?
Šneberková, Klára ; Zemková, Daniela (advisor) ; Sedlak, Petr (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on idiopatic short stature. Idiopatic short stature can be found at up to 80% of children, who suffer from grown diseases. It is a short stature without definite reasons. ISS is a very heterogenous group, which can be also described as children "short, but healthy". These children do have usual stature upon birth, no apparent chronic diseases, standard food intake, and they have no discoverable endocrinal disorders. Most of these children cna be divided into two groups. The first group consists of children with familiar short stature, the second group consists of children with constitutional delay of grown and adolescence. The combination of these two groups is the usual cause, why the parents of short children search a medical expert. This thesis is focused on the ISS as itself, on its subgroups, its treatment methods, especially on using growth hormones on the ISS and on ethical questions associated with this treatment. Another chapter is focused on genes associated with short stature - genes SHOX, ROR2 and NPR-B (or NPR2). The final chapter has also a few case reports. Key words: growth failure, growth hormone, idiopathic short stature, treatment, familial short stature, constitutional delay in growth and puberty.
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Idiopathic short stature. Is it a disease?
Šneberková, Klára ; Zemková, Daniela (advisor) ; Sedlak, Petr (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on idiopathic short stature. Idiopathic short stature can be found a tup to 80% of children, who suffer from growth disorders. I tis a short stature without definite reasons. ISS is a very heterogenous group which can be also described as children "short, but healthy". These children have normal length for gestational age at birth, normal body proportions. They have no sings of chronic disease, food intake andnutritional status are normal. There is no evidence of endocrine disorders. Most of these children can be divided into two groups. The first group consists of children with familial short stature, the second group consists of children with constitutional delay of growth and puberty. The combination of these two groups is the usual cause, why the parents of short children search a medical expert. This thesis is focused on the ISS as itself, on its subgroups, its treatment methods, especially on using growth hormones on the ISS and on ethical questions associated with this treatment. Another chapter is focused on genes associated with short stature - genes SHOX, ROR2, NPR-B (or NPR2) and ACAN. In the final part a few case reports will be mentioned. Key words: growth failure, growth hormone, idiopathic short stature, treatment, familial short stature,...
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Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Children's Growth
Vosáhlo, Jan ; Lebl, Jan (advisor) ; Marek, Josef (referee) ; Vaňková, Markéta (referee)
Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Children's Growth MUDr. Jan Vosáhlo Abstract Growth in childhood is a complex process of changing the body, which can be disrupted by various illnesses including endocrine disorders, particularly growth hormone deficiency. Tumors or other processes affecting hypothalamic-pituitary area can be a postnatal cause of GHD; prenatal causes include 1) developmental disorders of the pituitary as part of complex syndromes, 2) developmental disorders of the pituitary due to defects in regulatory genes and 3) defects in genes involved in the synthesis and secretion of GH. The first topic of the thesis was septo-optic dysplasia - a complex syndrome involving optic nerve hypoplasia, structural brain abnormalities and pituitary dysfunctions. We extensively described phenotype in 11 Czech patients; we observed both complete SOD and incomplete forms variously combining two of the three main components of the syndrome. The cohort then became a part of an international study of 68 patients, in which we studied the phenotype in dependence on the brain morphology. We found correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the degree of septum pellucidum abnormities and also a correlation between hippocampus and falx abnormities and neurological symptoms. As the second topic we studied...
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Hormonal control of sexual size dimorphism in vertebrates
Tureček, Adam ; Kratochvíl, Lukáš (advisor) ; Frýdlová, Petra (referee)
Males and females of one species share the majority of the genome, often also the joint niche, but their phenotype is usually very different. The biggest difference between the sexes is the achievement of different sizes that can be controlled dimorphic secretion of hormones. Although many researches have been conducted on this topic, we still lack the knowledge that at least in vertebrates exists in this respect a single, common proximate mechanism or whether different types or lines vary considerably in hormonal control of dimorphism in body size. Growth is influenced by a variety of hormones that can interact - for example, growth hormone, somatomedins, thyroid hormones and steroid hormones. However, experimental studies have suggested that influence levels of sex steroid hormones can cause a change in sexual dimorphism in size. My work focuses on summarizing knowledge about hormonal influence dimorphic growth in vertebrates and analyse the methodology used. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects of selected endocrinopathies. Their relationship to adipose tissue matebolism and insulin resistance
Ďurovcová, Viktória ; Kršek, Michal (advisor) ; Saudek, František (referee) ; Štich, Vladimír (referee)
The pathogenesis of insulin resistance is a complex and still intensively studied issue. Endocrine and paracrine activity of the adipose tissue together with mi- tochondrial dysfunction are the most discussed potential factors included in the development of insulin resistance. In the first part of our study we examined the involvement of the adipose tissue and its secretory products in the etiopathogenesis of insulin resistance in patients with Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly and simple obesity. We focused on three important regulators of metabolic homeostasis - fibroblast growth factors 21 and 19 (FGF-21 and FGF-19) and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (FABP-4). We found significantly elevated circulating levels of FGF-21 and FABP-4 ac- companying insulin resistance in both patients with simple obesity and patients with obesity connected to Cushing's syndrome, as compared to healthy controls. The concentrations of both substances were comparable between hypercortisolic and obese patients. This finding together with the absence of correlation be- tween the levels of FGF-21 resp. FABP-4 and cortisol suggest that the reason for elevation of their concentrations is obesity and its metabolic consequences themselves rather then the effect of hypercortisolism on FGF-21 and FABP-4 production. We found no...
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Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR / SGA) - causes, clinical view, consequences
Kročilová, Kateřina ; Sedlak, Petr (advisor) ; Čermáková, Ivana (referee)
Deficient intrauterine growth may point to a serious health problem of fetus. It is associated with increased perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Long-term health consequences have been reported in IUGR / SGA children. There are many factors leading to intrauterine growth retardation. What is important is early diagnosis and distinction of children with prenatal growth deficiency (IUGR) and children constitutionally small for gestational age (SGA). This bachelor thesis summarizes basic knowledge of this disease and describes the various practices for the treatment of growth hormone.
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