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Genetické možnosti šlechtění včely medonosné
Orlova, Sofiia
There was a significant decrease in bees worldwide in the early 21st century. This thesis focused on the study of genetic factors affecting the biodiversity of a population A. mellifera. A lot of genetic markers associated with key features of bees, such as hygiene behaviour and resistance to disease, can be used to select new lines with better characteristics and the potential to maintain and improve bee population. Exploitation of molecular genetic methods, such as SNP detection, has helped to identify genetic variants in some individuals and track their spread. In combination with traditional selection methods, for instance performance-based selection and phenotype analysis, molecular methods allow the selection of individuals with the best genetic characteristics and the improvement of the overall genetic quality of the bee population. Genetic diversity is a crucial factor for the health and survival of bee colonies, it is therefore important for beekeepers to use modern molecular genetic techniques to preserve the best bee qualities.
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Genetické markery pro druhovou identifikaci a studium genetické variability forenzně významných druhů masařek (Sarcophagidae).
JÁNOVÁ, Nicole
The aim of this thesis was to select and test molecular markers for species identification and detection of genetic variability of forensically important Flesh flies that are most common in the Czech Republic (Sarcophaga variegata, africa, noverca, carnaria, albiceps, incisilobata, lehmanni, argyrostoma, caerulescens). Both mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS, EPIC) markers were successfully amplified and sequenced for this purpose. Bacteria Wolbachia was detected using the 16S marker.
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Population structure of the gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Říhová, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Pivnička, Karel (referee)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus), is historicaly the most widespread carnivore with the former range including most of the northern hemisphere. The ambivalent relationship of humans to this predator resulted in extermination of this species in many areas, on the other hand led to the evolution of the dog, unique domesticant with vast phenotypic variation. The effort of conservation biology in last decades resulted in the shift of perception the role of big carnivores in ecosystems, with consequent recolonization of many regions by wolf, including the Czech republic. This changes brings the elevation of interest in this taxon by both experts and laymans. Present review aims to assemble published information regarding distribution, phylogeography, population structure, social and spatial behaviour of the gray wolf. The chapters describing the domestication process of the dog and hybridization with his wild ancestor are included.
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Impact of polyploidy on the invasive potential of Vicia cracca
Líblová, Zuzana ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Mihulka, Stanislav (referee)
This work is about diploids and tetraploids of Vicia cracca species, the two commonly occurring cytotypes. The first part is devoted to the distribution of cytotypes of this species in the secondary range in North America. It was hypothesised that polyploid species become invasive more frequently than diploid species. Their greater success may be given by greater variability of genes obtained by polyploidisation and gene subfunkcionalizing. All invasive populations of Vicia cracca species involved in this study were tetraploid. Based on this we can say that only tetraploids are invasive in this secondary colonized area. Polyploid species can be better competitors thanks to their expected better growth characteristics and stress resistance. Therefore the second part of this work is testing the hypothesis that polyploids are more variable in size of different parts of the plant body and therefore more able to grow even in conditions that are not suitable for diploids. As predicted by the EICA hypothesis (evolution of increased competitive ability), secondary colonized area also provide more space for further evolution and we can expect that growth characteristics of plants from the invasive range will differ from plants of the same ploidy from the original distribution range. This part of the work...
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Forenzní genetika využívající domestikovaná zvířata
Stuhlová, Romana
This bachelor thesis deals with forensic analyses of domesticated animals. The aim of this work is to search and describe the methods of molecular genetics, that are used in forensic analysis of biological material. This information comes from scientific publications and literature, that deal with this problematic. The introduction of this work presents the history of forensic genetics and its evolution. The work further provides an overview and a description of methods used in criminology. It mainly focuses on methods of identifying a person based on analysis of material acquired from a crime scene. These methods are sorted chronologically by the processing of a sample. Most of the classification methods used in animal forensic analyses are based on PCR amplification with the use of species-specific primers. Examples of genetic markers used in forensic genetics are presented at the end. This work provides an overview of forensic analysis methods for better orientation in this problematic.
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Impact of polyploidy on the invasive potential of Vicia cracca
Líblová, Zuzana ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Mihulka, Stanislav (referee)
This work is about diploids and tetraploids of Vicia cracca species, the two commonly occurring cytotypes. The first part is devoted to the distribution of cytotypes of this species in the secondary range in North America. It was hypothesised that polyploid species become invasive more frequently than diploid species. Their greater success may be given by greater variability of genes obtained by polyploidisation and gene subfunkcionalizing. All invasive populations of Vicia cracca species involved in this study were tetraploid. Based on this we can say that only tetraploids are invasive in this secondary colonized area. Polyploid species can be better competitors thanks to their expected better growth characteristics and stress resistance. Therefore the second part of this work is testing the hypothesis that polyploids are more variable in size of different parts of the plant body and therefore more able to grow even in conditions that are not suitable for diploids. As predicted by the EICA hypothesis (evolution of increased competitive ability), secondary colonized area also provide more space for further evolution and we can expect that growth characteristics of plants from the invasive range will differ from plants of the same ploidy from the original distribution range. This part of the work...
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Methods for studying seed dispersal and its importance for colonization of new sites
Vlasta, Tomáš ; Knappová, Jana (advisor) ; Hemrová, Lucie (referee)
Study of seed dispersal is crucial for understanding of several processes in life of plants and landscape. Seed dispesal is very important for persistence of local populations in fragmented landscape, it plays an important role in succession, it helps to protect plant populations againts loss of genetic variability. We usually recognize several types of seed dispersal depending on vector (dispersal by wind, animals and water.) In nature, it is very common that seed can be independently dispersed by several vectors. Therefore, studying of polychory and secondary dispersal is necessery. Methods of studying of seed dispersal are very variable, including seed traps, releasing and following individual seeds, genetics marcers etc. If we study seed dispersal, we should select the most suitable method depending on the aim of the study. We should also take into acount advantages and disadvantages of single method.
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Population structure of the gray wolf (Canis lupus)
Říhová, Jana ; Hulva, Pavel (advisor) ; Pivnička, Karel (referee)
Gray wolf (Canis lupus), is historicaly the most widespread carnivore with the former range including most of the northern hemisphere. The ambivalent relationship of humans to this predator resulted in extermination of this species in many areas, on the other hand led to the evolution of the dog, unique domesticant with vast phenotypic variation. The effort of conservation biology in last decades resulted in the shift of perception the role of big carnivores in ecosystems, with consequent recolonization of many regions by wolf, including the Czech republic. This changes brings the elevation of interest in this taxon by both experts and laymans. Present review aims to assemble published information regarding distribution, phylogeography, population structure, social and spatial behaviour of the gray wolf. The chapters describing the domestication process of the dog and hybridization with his wild ancestor are included.
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Genetic health disorders of cattle
NOVÁKOVÁ, Petra
The main aim is to summarize and describe the possibilities of improving genetic resistance of cattle against mastitis with the assistance of genetic selection. Effort to reveal all genetic mastitis parameters is difficult and long term researches of genes associated with mastitis are just in the beginning. The first part is devoted to a description of mastitis, which is one of the major health problems in the breed of dairy cattle and has many of negative impacts. Next are listed selected genes that scientists have so far managed to connect with the disease.
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