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Tolerance Pavlownia tomentosa in vitro k suchu a osmotické zátěži
Zapalač, Radek
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of abiotic stressors on plant growth and their acclimation responses. An in vitro culture experiment was conducted with Paulownia tomentosa plants for 35 days, in which growth parameters (reduction of leaf turgescence, leaf damage, plant height, number of nodes per stem, number of leaves and number of roots) and plant survival, under the treatment of three different osmotics at different concentrations in the medium (20 g/l sucrose – control, 80 g/l sucrose, 50 mM NaCl, 100 mM NaCl, 1.5 % PEG6000, 3 % PEG6000). On days 10 and 30 of the experiment, plant samples were collected for determination of ABA and proline content in leaves. The radioimmunoassay method was used to determine ABA content, while proline content was determined by spectrophotometric measurement. During the first ten days of cultivation, gas samples were also taken from the culture vessels to determine ethylene production, which was subsequently carried out by gas chromatography. The results obtained were statistically and graphically processed and supplemented by photodocumentation.
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The role of phytohormones in the root system response to environmental conditions
Vávrová, Barbora ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
During their life cycle, plants form several important anatomical structures in roots, which are crucial for the proper function of the root system and for survival of plant organisms in variable environmental conditions. These structures enable plants to adapt to various stress factors of the environment. Among them, apoplastic barriers are very important. They are formed by cells of the endodermis and exodermis. These cell layers develop Casparian bands and suberin lamellae, modifications of cell walls, that block the apoplastic pathway and are necessary for selective nutrient uptake. Another structure is aerenchyma, a tissue containing many intercellular spaces, which is primarily associated with growth in flooded soils. Development of these structural adaptations is associated with the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. These phytohormones are known mainly for their involvement in stress responses but they are also important in many developmental processes. Work published so far have shown that ABA stimulates deposition of suberin lamellae in the endodermis in unfavourable conditions. Ethylene on the other hand suppresses the deposition of suberin and can even trigger a degradation of previously developed suberin lamellae. In many cases ethylene plays a crucial regulatory role in development of...
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Faktory indukce tvorby hlíz lilku bramboru (Solanum tuberosum L.) v in vitro podmínkách
Kůrková, Jana
This thesis deals with the factors responsible for induction of the formation of tuber potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in in vitro conditions. The aim was to observe cultivation of the nodal segments of stems on the induction medium with reduced content of inorganic nitrogen 12 umol, 80 g/l sucrose and the addition of 10 mg/l BA for the for-mation of tubers. The frequency of tuberisation was evaluated, as well as morfological changes, size and weight of the tubers. Three groups of explants were established diffe-ring in lenght of cultivation on the induction medium. These were monitored for chan-ges in the content of endogenous ABA in the nodal segments of stem and stolon. Moni-toring of the changes in content of endogenous cytokinin, nitrogen content, production of ethylene, ethane and CO2 was performed as well. Permanent microscopic preparations were prepared to detect transformation of the axillary bud into stolon, resp. tuber. Increased content of ABA during the tuber formation demonstrates its effect on tuberi-zation. Amongs cytokinins, the biggest effect of cytokinins on tuberization has BA, iP and iPR. Conversely, Z and ZR had no influence. Contents of ethylene, ethane,CO2 and nitrogen are related to the lenght of culturing on the induction medium.
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Změna půdních vlastností v biovinohradnictví v porovnání s vinohradnictvím konvenčním
Tichá, Lenka
Main goal of my bachelor thesis is focused on new finding about soil, development, characteristics and also factors which have influenced it. There is also part which is pointed to differences of conventional viticulture and ecological viticulture and their soil characteristics. Major principles and goals are also mentioned in my thesis. In my practical experiments I studied comparisons between values of basic ethylene production and carbon dioxide which were coming from vineyards soil samples.
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Jakost odrůd slivoní
Kožíšková, Jarmila
In the present dissertation thesis quality of plum cultivars were investigated in three successive experiments included measurement of ethylene, CO2, ethanol, acetaldehyde, firmness of the fruits and determination of volatile aromatic compounds by SPME/GC/MS Two plum fruit varieties (Stanley and Valjevka) were stored in prepared gas mixtures (FAN: 0,6 % O2 a 1 % CO2, CA: 1 % O2 a 10 % CO2, RA: 21% O2 a 0,03 % CO2) for 70 days. In terms of the 20th, 40th and 60th day followed shelf life for 10 days at 20 °C. Firmness of the skin was different for both varieties and the softening increased in the variety Valjevka. Softening of fruits significantly decreased in FAN and CA. Skin firmness of fruits stored in normal oxygen atmosphere was lower for about 0,59 MPa (Stanley) and 0,67 MPa (Valjevka) at the end of storage. Fruits stored in CA atmosphere were firm, with unbrowning flesh and there was no browning in stem area, too. The results showed that the variety 'Valjevka' has a high capacity (1705 mg/l) to produce ethanol.There was no microbial damage in 'Stanley' stored in CA and FAN at the end of the storage, in RA were 13,19 %. The highest microbial attack was observed in Valjevka stored in RA 41,85 %. Seventy-one volatile compounds were sampled by head space SPME in two plum fruit varieties (Stanley and Valjevka). Using PCA analysis 13 compounds are sufficient for distinguishing ripening of fruits variety Stanley treated by tree storage atmospheres ((Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, 2-methyl butan-1-ol, (Z)-3-octen-1-ol, 2-heptanol, heptanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-decenal, n-octanal, ethyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, a-terpineol, b-cyclocitral, b-ionone) and 11 compounds for 'Valjevka' (2-octanol, n-octanal, (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, b-cyclocitral, b-ionone, (Z)-3-octen-1-ol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, (Z)-3-hexenal, n-hexanal, ethyl benzoate a butyl 2-methylbutyrate). The fruits of 13 plum cultivars were analysed at two different stages of maturity: first when they were ready for picking according to conventional commercial criteria, and again after seven days of maturation during shelf life. In the period of over-ripening SSC increased, and no differences were found in relation to the cultivar. The fruits in this period were physiologically in a phase of reduced intensity of respiration, while production of ethylene increased and was associated with the earliness of the cultivar. Cultivars with a short vegetation period produce more ethylene while late-maturing cultivars have a low potential for ethylene production. Based on post-harvest changes in the tested quality factors, the late-ripening plum cultivars (cv.) Jojo, Topend, President, Tophit and Elena have higher storage potential. A high significant negative correlation was detected between levels of skin firmness and ethylene production. 69 of volatiles were determined by GC/MS/SPME. There are eight compounds (oct-1-en-3-ol, p-menth-1-en-4-ol-R, n-hexan-1-ol, n-pentan-1-ol, ethylhexan-1-ol, g-nonanolaktone, g-kaprolaktone and g-oktalaktone) which taken together can be used to distinguished the two different stages of maturity. The fruits of cv. 'Tophit' were untreated or treated with 1-MCP for 24 h at 20 °C and then kept at 1 °C for 50 days in the atmosphere CA (2 % O2 a 7 % CO2) and RA. Plums were evaluated after 10, 30, 50 days of storage at 1 °C followed by shelf life storage for 7 days. The effect of cold and 1-MCP treatment resulted in significant inhibition of ethylene production, respiration rate and retention of flesh firmness after transfer to room temperature. Sixty-four volatile compounds were sampled by head space SPME and identified by GC-MS, from which (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, butyl-2-methylbutyrate and limonen were significant.
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Studium fyzikálně-chemických vlastností plodů broskví a švestek
Joklová Kaňová, Jana
Dissertation thesis Study of physical chemical features in fruits of peaches and plums was developed at the Institute of Post Harvest Technology of Horticulture Products at Faculty of Horticulture of Mendel University in Brno. This thesis concentrated on setting of material elements in fruits of peaches, the variety 'Red Haven' in the period of ripening and post-harvest storage in different types of atmosphere according to contents of CO2 and O2. In five analysed varieties of peaches 'Flamingo', 'Harbele', 'Harblaze', 'Harbrite', and 'Maria Marta' were set ripening values during ripening on tree. In varieties of plum fruits 'Valjevka', 'President', 'Stanley' was found their tolerance against gas mixtures. During ripening of peach varieties were set volatile elements (ethanol, acetaldehyde) and was stated the concentration of ethylene in the critical period of ripening. In literary review there are characterized material elements of pulp fruits, both chemical structure of fruits, and volatile aromatic substances and their biogenesis, there are described in detail material substances of fruits, amongst which belong biological, physical, sensory, technological signs of quality and post harvest influences on fruits. Further ethylene is characterized in post-harvest period and its physiological features and methods of its effect limitation, factors of plant reaction against ethylene, and chemical inhibition of ethylene reception. Next part deals with methods of quality evaluation and techniques of fruit storage, further on with fruits of plums, peaches and their general characteristics. Experimental part evaluates several fractional methodics. Assessment of peach varieties in three stages of ripening and setting of ripening index, influence of low content of oxygen on production of anaerobic metabolites and volatile materials stated in plum fruits, distribution of frequency of peach fruits ripening on tree in five stages of ripening, production of ethylene according to the grades of ripening in peach varieties, their sensory evaluation and setting of volatile aromatic compounds. In variety 'Red Haven' there were evaluated grades of ripening in the range: unripe to over ripe, which represented in dates five successive harvests. Each successive term was compiled of 40 fruits of average weight for the set grade of ripening. Production of ethylene was evaluated through distribution of fruits in settled harvest date, and was distinctively different in fruit distribution according to ethylene content pursuant to harvest date. In executed measurements of fruits of peach variety 'Red Haven' ripening on tree in grades of ripening unripe, ripe, over ripe, in their frequency five to seven there was stated concentration of ethanol and acetaldehyde expressed in mg*l-1 by direct spraying of juice into filling analytic colon. Concentration of acetaldehyde did not change during fruit ripening, and this metabolite can be assessed as interim which changed by alcohol dehydrogenase into ethanol. Concentration of ethanol in over ripe fruits is characteristic with higher content which does not represent multiple concentrations in over ripening in common oxygenated atmosphere. Evaluation was executed only in one variety, however, similar tendencies should be supposed in other varieties as well. Index of ripening (IZ = RS* strength/TK) was formulated in five peach varieties, which represents processes of fruit ripening on tree and important differences were found for ripe and unripe fruits, whereas index of ripening between ripe and over-ripe fruits differs only in several units. With following ripening rates in varieties there were determined differences in phases unripe to ripe for varieties 'Harblaze' and 'Maria Marta'. Furthermore these varieties were evaluated by sensory analysis as well. In analytical method HP/GC/MS 42 volatile aromatic compounds were specified in groups of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, terpenes, lactones, and organic acids in plum fruits in varieties 'Valjevka' and 'Stanley'. In Tukey´s test productions of each specified volatile compounds were evaluated. In variety 'Red Haven' treated with four different gas mixtures (ULO, CA, RA, FAN) according to percentage of content of set amount of CO2 and O2, and stored in these atmospheres during 29 days, there were specified several volatile aromatic materials through analytical method HP/GC/MS.
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Dozrávání meruněk podle látkových složek při rozdílné teplotě plodu těsně po sklizni
Nekužová, Nikola
Two apricot varieties that were harvested at the beginning of climacteric phases were evaluated. The apricot varieties used were harvested on the plot of the Horticultural faculty in Lednice. This is a variety of Leskora harvested on 22 June 2016 and Betinka variety harvested on 1. 7. 2016. The fruits were stored at 1°C, 5°C and 20°C for 9 days. Mass losses, soluble suspensions, titration acids and penetrometric strength were assessed after each three days of storage, and physiological parameters were assessed by ethylene production and breathing intensity (CO2 production).
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Vliv stresových faktorů na růst intaktních rostlin podnoží révy vinné in vitro
Dvořáková, Vladimíra
This thesis deals with the effects of water scarcity and excess lime in the soil to grow rooted grapevine rootstocks. The theoretical part provides summary information on the structure and main functions of the root system with increased attention on the production of phytohormones. The following chapter discusses the physiology of stress in plants, focusing on stress signals and detailed description. Literary part of the closing chapter on the effects of stress on photosynthesis and respiration and the impact of excess lime in the soil to grow grapevine rootstocks. Experimental part follows the results of the bachelor thesis, when being monitored by simulation of stress in vitro only unrooted rootstocks Kober 125 AA when the measured responses of plants to plant growth (length and weight) and their physiological response (quantum yield of photosynthesis, the production of ethylene, ethane, CO2 content and photosynthetically active pigments). These results are in the thesis completed by the determination of the abscisic acid in the above - ground parts of plants. In this thesis, the experiment was performed with the stage of the plant - unrooted nodal segments rootstock Börner shoots and rooted rootstock Börner and Kober 125 AA.
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Stanovení stresové odezvy smrku ztepilého na suché a zamokřené prostředí
Pavlíčková, Jana
The diploma thesis deals with the effects of abiotic stress on seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten), the impact of water deficit and abundance. In the theore-tical part is described the importance of water in plant, stress and its impact on plants and the cultivation of plants in vitro. Experimental part consists of experiments in vitro. Waterlogging conditions were simulated the medium without agar, drought conditions were created by increasing concentration of sucrose and polyethylene glycol. In the course of experiment were measured plant responses to stress, concentration of ethylene, ethane and CO2 in the culture vessels. At the end of the experiment was measured concentration of O2, quantum yield of photosynthesis, plant growth parameters, content of plant pigments in needles and anatomical changes in the stem and root of Norway spruce.
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Alternative fuels for diesel engines
Baránek, Adam ; Mauder, Tomáš (referee) ; Píštěk, Václav (advisor)
Internal combustion engines have become part of everyday life. Because oil reserves are diminishing and there is evidence of environment harmfulness of oil combustion, there is an increasing use of alternative fuels. This thesis will outline of the most commonly used alternative fuels in diesel engines with a list of advantages and disadvantages, possibilities of current use and their potential development.
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