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Influence of the chicken breeding method on the selected chemical constituents of chicken eggs
Michalec, Adam ; Vespalcová, Milena (referee) ; Pořízka, Jaromír (advisor)
This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of egg yolks and egg whites from chickens raised with different breeding methods in the Czech Republic using three analytical methods. The Kjeldahl method was used to determine the proteins, the Soxhlet method was used to determine the lipids and ICP-OES was used for elemental analysis. The theoretical part describes the history of chicken breeding, marking and distribution of eggs and composition of eggs based on various aspects. The main point was the separation of egg yolk and egg white and the subsequent description on the chemical and physiological level. Principle of used methods is also described. The experimental part deals with the preparation of samples, calibration samples and process analysis. All the results of analysed substances are summarized, statistically evaluated and compared with the other literature. For this analysis were used eleven different types of eggs from the Czech Republic from six different categories.
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Analýza faktorů ovlivňujících reprodukční vlastnosti nandu pampového
Muchová, Tereza
Focus of this diploma thesis is the analysis of partial influences having impact on the reproduction of Greater rhea. It captures a detailed description of the most common factors, such as housing, nourishment, season’s effect, climatic conditions, genetics and subsequent breeding of chickens. Included is an anatomical description of reproductive organs of both sexes and getting the reader acquainted with the social behavior of this animal. Thesis also consists of ethological observations of defined individuals with focus on the influence of the season on various daily activities. Finally, an analysis of the eggs is performed that includes the overall laying capabilities of the female, along with hatchability, fertilization and mortality of embryos. As an appendix of the diploma thesis you can find recommended precautions increasing the possibility to improve the level of reproduction for the breeders.
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Qualitative indicators of eggs from different types of feeding
HUBKOVÁ, Michaela
This bachelor thesis dealt with the influence of rearing forms on selected qualitative characteristics of hen eggs. The observed egg samples were from litter, free-range, organic and home rearing. The parameters evaluated were - shell breakage and cleanliness, height, stability and position of air bubble, white transparency and firmness, yolk post-movement and position, embryo visibility, weight, evidence of cleaning, incidence of flesh spots, yolk and firm white index, Haugh units and shell thickness. The values found were not significantly different and were close to the average values.
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Comparison of qualitative indicators of hen's eggs from different types of feeding
ŠTĚPÁN, Stanislav
The presented bachelor thesis dealt with the comparison of qualitative indicators of hen's eggs from different types of breeding. Samples from cage farming production system, indoor housing systém and free-range home breeding were used for comparison. Ten eggs from each type were used. The following qualitative indicators were evaluated and compared - egg weight, shell integrity, air cell height, shape indices (shape index and egg index), occurrence of blood and meat spots, solid egg white and yolk index, egg quality expressed in Haugh units and shell thickness. The eggs from the individual types of breeding were similar in shape, but diffe-red the most in size and weight, the weight was measured from 49 to 91 g. Two samples had a damaged shell. The height of the air cell ranged from 2 to 4 mm. The values of the solid protein index ranged from 0.061 to 0.156 and the yolk index ranged from 0.39 to 0.51. Haugh units ranged from 74 to 107. The shell thickness was between 0.37 and 0.47 mm. All results were in or near the average.
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Kuřecí embrya jako inkubátor pro pomnožení parazitů rodu Cryptosporidium
SCHULZOVÁ, Tereza
This study aimed to determine the extent to which infection at the embryo stage can enhance the propagation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in chickens. Nine-day-old chicken embryos and one-day-old chickens were experimentally infected with different doses of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Post hatching, all chickens had demonstrable infections, and the infection dose had no effect on the course of infection. Chickens infected as embryos shed oocysts immediately after hatching and, over the course of the infection, they shed significantly more oocysts than infected oneday-old chickens. In chickens infected as embryos, C. baileyi was found in all organs except the brain, with highest infections in the trachea and oesophagus, and C. parvum was found only in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea, with highest infections in the gut and cloaca. In one-day-old infected chickens, C. baileyi was found only in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea, with highest infections in the gut. Chickens infected as embryos with C. baileyi died within 16 days of hatching. All other chickens cleared the infection within 13-25 days. Based on these findings, infection of chicken embryos could serve as a cost effective and simple model for the propagation of Cryptosporidium spp.
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Detection and quantification of maternal RNA localization during early development
Šimková, Kateřina ; Šindelka, Radek (advisor) ; Frolíková, Michaela (referee)
The asymmetric localization of maternal RNAs and proteins is a crucial mechanism for the body plan development in many animal species. These maternal factors are expressed during the oogenesis and they are used for the regulation of early developoment. In this diploma thesis, I addressed the role of asymmetrically localized RNAs along animal- vegetal axis in the early development of Ambystoma mexicanum. The second part of my thesis is focused on RNA localization in dorso-ventral and left-right axes. I identified the localization patterns of many known RNAs along the animal-vegetal axis using RT-qPCR and I also detected several genes, which can be involved in the dorso-ventral or lef-right patterning. Furthermore, we performed transcriptome wide analysis, which revealed changes classified into the following categories: RNAs relocalization, de novo synthesis before the onset of MBT and RNAs degradation during early development. Many vegetally localized genes in Xenopus laevis with the important role in the development of primordial germ cells have been previously described. Surprisingly, my results show that many of these genes are degraded during the early development of A. mexicnum. I believe that this degradation may be due to a different mechanism of PGC development in A. mexicanum and X. laevis....
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The role of integrins in gametes prior to fertilization and during their interaction
Foldynová, Veronika ; Komrsková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Tlapáková, Tereza (referee)
Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that represent a large group of cell adhesion receptors involved in cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix and cell-pathogen interacti- ons. Up to now, 24 different integrin heterodimers have been detected in mammals. They are involved in a wide range of processes such as immune response, lymphocyte homing, platelet aggregation, also in wound healing, cell differentiation, migration, proliferation and even in cell survival. Integrins have also been detected on germ cells and are now known to play an important role in reproductive processes such as fertilization, embryo implan- tation, and embryonic development. The main aim of this thesis is to introduce integrins from the perspective of reproduction, integrin physiology, occurrence and localization of individual subunits in male and female germ cells. A significant part of the work is devoted to a discussion of the role of integrins in gametes, both during maturation processes (egg maturation in the ovary, capacitation and the acrosomal reaction of sperm), in sperm mi- gration, oviductal reservoir formation and their direct and indirect involvement in adhesion and fusion of the gametes during fertilization. Keywords: integrins, sperm, egg, fusion, fertilization
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Gametogenesis and Fertilization in Humans
Crhová, Michaela ; Pavlasová, Lenka (advisor) ; Ehler, Edvard (referee)
This bachelor thesis summarises the topic of gametogenesis and fertilization in humans. A search in available literature was performed. The thesis concisely describes the cell cycle and cell division. The main focus is on meiosis, a reductional division that takes the lead part in sexual reproduction. The process of this division is described in detail, and also the mechanism that creates variability of protected cells is described. The product of meiosis is gametes, also known as germ cells. Production of these cells is a key moment in sexual reproduction. This thesis approaches this topic in the context of evolutionary biology and explains its importance in the survival of species on Earth. The main topic of the thesis is the production and maturing of human germ cells. This process is called gametogenesis. This thesis provides a cohesive description of the reproduction system of both sexes and describes the gradual maturing of the germ cells in gonads. The structure of both gametes, egg, and sperm is described with emphasis on the parts of these cells that take part in the process of fertilization. Female reproductive cycles are depicted, and their connection is explained. In contrast to this periodicity, the male continual maturing is also explained. This thesis compares the main differences in...
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Variability of the domestic chicken breeds in selected immunological traits of hen and egg
Bílková, Barbora ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Plachý, Jiří (referee) ; Trefil, Pavel (referee)
The avian immune system is a complex system of defence mechanisms that protect bird hosts against threats from ubiquitous pathogens. According to the co-evolutionary models, variability in immune traits of hosts is the key component providing ability to adapt and enhance their defence mechanisms in presence of constant selective pathogen pressure. Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) is used as a model organism in avian biology and also is one of the most important food-producing animals, not only for their meat but also for the egg production. Unfortunately, in research usually only inbred chicken lines are used and modern poultry husbandry is tight with unilateral breeding towards highly productive breeds. Those approaches decrease intra-population polymorphism in chickens. However, especially in case of farm animals, searching and extending the pool of immune variability and enhancing pathogen resistance is crucial for sustaining healthy and biologically secure populations and their products. Morphologically highly distinct traditional chicken breeds, which have evolved for hundreds years under different selective pressures, may represent this desirable immunological variability. In my thesis I described variability in chosen immunological traits, haematological parameters and proteomic...
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