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Obsah PUFA n-6 a n-3 ve vybraných živočišných tkáních
Koláčková, Martina
The literature review summarizes characteristics of polyunsaturated fatty acids, problems of their metabolism, physiological effects and their occurrence in food. It pursues procedures and possibilities of fatty acids assessment with the help of gas chromatography. Experimental part of the thesis describes an assessment of fatty acids profile in fallow deer meat, roe deer and deer meat using the gas chromatography method operating the Fison 8000 series gas chromatograph as well as flame ionization detector. Conclusive differences in content of particular fatty acids and n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio among single types of venison are being monitored by means of statistic processing. .
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The influence of time in feed enrichment with unsaturated fatty acids to selected parameters of pig carcass value with regard to the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat
Pantoflíček, Jiří ; Čítek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Miloslav, Miloslav (referee)
The thesis aims to evaluate the impact of aliment with higher contents of unsaturated fatty acids, consumed for a different period of time, to utilitarian attributes of pigs before a slaughter, with respect to the composition of fatty acids in the intramuscular fat of tested animals.
The factors that influence the quality of meat are interior, exterior and technological. Among the qualitative markers of quality of meat we rank the share of meat and fat, acidification rate, color, viscosity, contents of intramuscular fat (marbling), smell, taste, juiciness and delicacy. Together with hygienic and nutritive attributes, consumers and processors consider these technological and sensory aspects to be the most important.
The ultimate goal of this thesis is to compare the impact of different length of feeding soy oil on parameters of pork meat quality and growth.
However, the interference of growth attributes was inconclusive and the test result came similar in different groups of tested pigs.
What was influenced by adding the soy oil into the feed is the fatty acids profile. The contents of fatty acids remained unchanged in every test group. Over time the content of monounsaturated fatty acids decreased. The most significant change occurred in representation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which increased in the test groups with longer period of feeding with enriched feed, mostly at the expense of monounsaturated fatty acids.
The differences between the test groups of pigs were statistically inconclusive; therefore the soy oil enrichment did not worsen the technological parameters of meat and fat quality.
The longer period of feeding the soy oil enriched feed led to significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids. According to the findings, adding the soy oil into the feed will have no effect at all if done short time before the slaughter.
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Application of Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Oxidative Stress Markers and Mycotoxins
Čumová, Martina ; Večeřa, Zbyněk (referee) ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
The first topic presented in the dissertation thesis is determination of isoprostanes as markers of oxidative stress and other compounds affected by presence of oxidative stress. Isoprostanes iPF2-III, iPF2-VI, iPF2-VI, astaxanthin and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially arachidonic acid (AA) were monitored in Atlantic salmon eggs (Salmo salar). Methods for the determination of these compounds have been developed and optimized using chromatographic separation coupled to conventional or mass spectrometric detection. Freshly laid eggs, eyed embryos and non-viable eggs were used to test a general hypothesis that egg viability can be affected by susceptibility to oxidative stress, either through the specific fatty acid concentration and/or the antioxidant capacity of the eggs. Levels of isoprostanes and arachidonic acid (AA) were significantly higher in non-viable eggs than in control (eyed embryos) as well as relative abundance of PUFA. While no difference of isoprostanes was found between freshly laid and control those from the Atlantic stock except iPF2-VI which was observed under the LOQ in the control. Higher levels of PUFA and AA in comparison with the control were observed in the freshly laid eggs. However, the only statistically significant difference was observed in the amount of astaxanthin. Different levels of PUFA and astaxanthin may be related to their biochemical consumption during the development of eggs. This work evaluated potential effect on the viability of eggs Salmo salar due to the presence of oxidative stress. The monitoring of mycotoxins in food and feed was the subject of the second topic. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They are ubiquitous undesirable natural contaminants that are toxic for humans and animals. Today are known more than 500 mycotoxins. However, only few of them are regulated by the European Union. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to provide a scientific opinion on other mycotoxins for which statutory limits could be developed. In this study is proposed simultaneous screening allowing fast, reliable and sensitive approach, identification and quantification of 17 mycotoxins in food and feed sample. The method includes both mycotoxins regulated by the EU and selected mycotoxins required by the EFSA (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, enniatins and beauvericin). Analytes are isolated by the modified QuEChERS method. For separation and target mycotoxins detection, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC –MS/MS) was employed. The method also allows determination of ergot alkaloids (ergocornine, ergosine, ergocryptine, ergocristine and their respective epimers). The developed method was used either for monitoring mycotoxins and ergot alkaloids in feed and raw materials and barley and malt prepared from it.
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Unsaturated fatty acids in the diet of inpatients
KONHEFROVÁ, Veronika
The thesis with the name "Unsaturated fatty acids in the diet of inpatients" is divided into a theoretical and a research parts. The theoretical part is focused on sorting out lipids and the recommended daily dosing. Next there are described the chemical structure of fatty acids and basic differences between saturated (SFA) and unsaturated (trans and cis) fatty acids. The biggest part of the theory is formed by the unsaturated fatty acids, their characteristics, food source and their effect on people´s health. Dietetic system and its future development is described in the final part. The research part analysis took place in the Centre for prevention of lifestyle diseases in České Budějovice. It was analysed nine fourteen-day diet plans, which are most frequently served in the Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC. The research diets are 0 (liquid diet), 1 (mushy diet), 2 (soft diet), 3 (well-balanced diet), 4 (low-fat diet), 9 (diabetic diet), 9/2 (diabetic soft diet), 11 (nutritious diet) and 13 (diet for teenagers). The aim of this thesis is to calculate the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the most frequently served diets of hospitalized patients in the Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC, with the help of the nutrition software Nutriservis Profesional/NutriDan and to compare the amounts of both MUFA and PUFA in the particular diets. The results of my analysis show that none of the diets meets the recommended SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratio (<1:1,4:>0,6). In the majority of ratios is the amount of SFA:MUFA about 2:1,4. That means that the diets contain quite high surfeit of SFA. However MUFA:PUFA ratios except diet 0 (both two weeks) and 2 (second week) are above the minimum recommended references, it can be said that these diet's compositions aren't so bad. Only it would be appropriate to reduce SFA in diets, which would improve ratios according to the recommendations. This finding corresponds to the Research question number 1 about the real distribution of unsaturated fatty acids in individual researched diets. The Research question 2 about the total fat intake in each diet is answered as follows. Diets differ in the representation of total fat grams for each day according to standard of Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC. Diets 1, 2, 4 have fluctuating levels of total fat and are largely below the references. The diet 0 does not even meet any hospital recommendations for any day, the other diets, 3, 9, 9/2, 11 and 13 have the fat excess. The fat excess is given with the excess of saturated fat acids in diets and a significant part will be probably formed by a NutriDan undefined component of fats (the difference between total fat and SFA + MUFA + PUFA). I assume that those are the trans-unsaturated fatty acids. The results of this thesis will help the nutrition therapists from the Jindřichův Hradec hospital, PLC as a feedback, so that they could improve the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in their diets according to the recommendations of nutrition companies.
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The lipid quality of our economically significant fish species
KREJSA, Jakub
The level of fish consumption in the Czech Republic is very low. One of the possible factors influencing this situation is low awareness of the customer or consumer. The thesis "The Lipid Quality of our economically significant fish species" works with the list of nineteen economically most significant fish species not only including fish from the semi-intensive and intensive breeding, but also such species that are interesting for the consumption from the sport fishing point of view. The samples taken from particular fish were primarily used for the analysis of the fat content and fatty acid composition. The analysis established very interesting results in this field and created basis for further analysis for establishing atherogenic and thrombogenic index or for formation of nutritive values mentioned as "Big 7" (fat content and the ratio of fatty acid out of it, sacharide content and the sugar ratio in it, protein content, ash content and energy value) by particular fish species according to the regulation ES 1169/2011. The results of this work confirmed that the fat content and its composition are highly influenced by the type of ingested nourishment. The fish bred in semi-intensive way with the highest fat content are Common carp (7,62 ? 2,9 %) and Silver carp (6,87 ? 1,37 %). On the contrary the predatory fish evinced the fat content usually within 1%. The fish from extensive breeding or the types caught in sport fishing are in the fat con-tent more balanced. The fattest fish in this group is Silver Bream (5,52 ? 0,44 %) and the lowest content evinced Goldfish (1,14 ? 0,38 %). Also the species living in the aquaculture and living in the free waters as well were compared (Common carp, Rainbow trout, Peled, Tench, Wels catfish). The fatty acid composition significantly depends on the fat content. The predatory fish contain 195 - 219 mg×100 g-1, the most (p0,05) was found by the peled from the extensive breed (1048 mg×100 g-1 EPA + DHA). The participation of SFA by the most of the fish was under 30%, the content of MUFA was the highest by the Common carp (52,71 ? 7,75 %), the lowest by the European perch (18,83 ? 1,12 %). Pike, Zander and European perch contain relatively the most of PUFA, this is over 50%. All the fish species (Nile tilapia excluded) show in this study the values of atherogenic index below 0,5 and thrombogenic index below 0,4. The total energetic value was counted from the results of nutritional values presented in the "Big 7" list. The higher energetic value is directly proportional to the increasing fat content. The fish species included in this thesis show the total energetic value in the range of 500 - 900 kJ×100 g-1. The results of this study bring complete, laboratory proven information about the nutrition composition of our fish. This data can be appli-cable not only to increase the knowledge of the customers but mainly to be used by breeders and manufacturers of fish as an implement of fulfilling the duty of stating the nutrition facts on their products according to ES 1169/2011 on the providing infor-mation about the eatables to the consumers.
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Ovlivnění plazmatické hladiny cholesterolu modelového organizmu polynenasycenými mastnými kyselinami n-3
Čeganová, Markéta
The aim of this thesis is to assess the influence of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA and EPA in the diet on the animal organism in accordance to the levels of total HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma. As experimental animals were used rats and they were divided into 3 groups of 10 pieces: control group with the addition of 6 % Carthamus tinctorius (n-6 flares), the group with the addition of 6 % fish oil (n-3: EPA, DHA fish) and the group with 6 % addition of oil from Schizochytrium (n-3: DHA, DHA). After 40 days the animals were putted to death according to relevant regulations. Blood lipids were obtained from blood samples by spectrophotometry. Value of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 and n-6 was set by gas chromatography in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue. In accordance to the increase of content n-3 PUFA in group with fish oil and with oil from Schizochytrium, total and LDL cholesterol was reduced in comparison of samples in control group. In comparison to the control group were TAG reduced only in the group with addition of oil.
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Practical verification of rearing of common carp with high levels of omega 3 fatty acids
ZROSTLÍK, Jakub
The aim of my thesis was to verify the technology of rearing common carp (Cyprinius carpio) with increased levels of omega 3 fatty acids. The technology was tested in 2010 and 2011. A mixture of KP Len and cereal was used for the experiment in 2010. In 2011, the fish were divided into three groups The first group was fed a mixture of KP Len, the second a type of cereal, and the third was kept on natural feed. The technology was carried out under the conditions of the Czech fishery industry. During the entire growing period the course of growth was monitored as part of the framework of regular checks and the parameters of the quality of water was measured. The main descriptive characteristics was the fat content and composition of fatty acids. The combination of KP Len achieved a significantly higher content of PUFA than the group of fish receiving cereals in 2010 and in 2011. When comparing groups of fish fed a mixture of KP Len and those fed natural feed in 2011, no statistically significant differences in PUFA were detected. In 2010 the fish fed a mixture of KP Len reached the highest content of EPA and DHA. On the contrary, in 2011 the significantly highest content was detected in the muscle of fish kept on natural feed.
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Impact of nutrition and rearing technology on the changes of the quality of common tench (Tinca tinca) meat
PŘÍBORSKÝ, Josef
The aim of the study was to determine the impact of diet (natural and formulated feed) on the chemical composition and fatty acids profile of the harvested fish. The content of dry matter in fish flesh resulting from the formulated diet was higher vs. the natural diet (23.94?1.24 % vs. 19.66?0.82 %) with nitrogenous compounds (60.24?2.82 % vs. 72.12?1.75 %), total fat content (24.81?4.51 % vs. 6.14?2.85 %) and ash (7.55?1.28 % vs. 10.54?1.53 %) respectively. The spectrum of fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography using Varian 3800 equipment. Tench fed on a formulated diet in the recirculating system had a significantly higher content (P< 0.05) of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA = 43.04?1.68 %) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA = 15.47?1.07 %) in their flesh compared to the flesh of fish reared in earth ponds on a natural diet - MUFA (32?5.29 %) and n-6 PUFA (13.6?1.66 %). Tench fed on a natural diet in earth ponds proved to have a significantly higher content (P< 0.05) of n-3 PUFA (16.8?4.38 %) and ? PUFA (30.3 ? 5.3 %) than tench reared in the recirculating system - PUFA n-3 (10.05?0.85 %) and ? PUFA (25.52?1.07%). The ratio n-3/n-6 for fish from earth ponds was 1.2; for fish from the recirculating system the ratio was 0.65. The results show a significantly higher composition of n-3 PUFA in flesh of tench from earth pond with natural food compared to fish on an intensive feeding diet in the recirculating system which showed a higher content of n-6 PUFA.
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Influence of feedstuff and breeding technology on changes of common carp´s (Cyprinus carpio L.) and of european catfish´s (Silurus glanis L.) mass quality
ZAJÍC, Tomáš
The work is focused on the nutrition and farming technology influences on the changes of the quality of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and european catfish (Silurus glanis L.) meat. For the first experiment were used 6 groups of fish (common carp). Five of those were fed on cereals (maize, wheat, triticale, rye and barley), the sixth group was left on natural food by way of the control group. For the second experiment were used two groups of fish (european catfish). The first group was bred by the classical technology in fresh water ponds using natural food (dietary fish) by way of the control group. The second group was bred intensively in warm water in controlled conditions using feed compouned. In both of groups were defined following characteristics: weight yield, sensoric analysis, content of nitrogen compounds, fat content and spectrum of fatty acids in fat. It was ascertained that the rearing technology affects the results in all monitored characteristics. The biggest attention was payed to the results of fatty acids spectrum. While in the test using common carp was proved a higher proportion of PUFA (inclusive EPA and DHA) in the control group, in the test using catfish was this proportion higher in intensively reared group.
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