|
|
Factors influencing the quality of red wine
Zechmeisterová, Lucie ; Vránová, Dana (referee) ; Omelková, Jiřina (advisor)
In my thesis, I focused on monitoring of microorganisms in the sample of red grape juice and on the interactions between yeasts, bacteria and filamentous fungi. Three different media were applied for the cultivation of microorganisms; firstly for monitoring of total volume of microorganisms, secondly for yeasts and third time for lactic acid bacteria. The indirect method was used for the determination of the amount of viable cells. This method consists in enumerating of visible macroscopic colonies grown up on agar plates. When the cells grew up, the forms of colonies were analyzed visually and the morphology of microorganisms was detected microscopically. The operating time of enzymes in grape juice in the production of red wine was monitored after application of commercial enzymatic preparation. The enzym action in grape juice was observed on the basis of the process of degradation of high – molecular substrate by enzymes through the use of Ubbelohd´s viscometer. The research findings provided a lot of knowledge about the occurance of microflora in the process of production of red wine. The commercial preparations added to grape juice played a significant role.
|
|
|
Molecular and Genomic Methods for Analyzing Hybridization in Aspergillus and other Fungi
Jirkovský, Pavel ; Sklenář, František (advisor) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Interpecies hybridization is being studied since the first half of 20. century, when it was described based on phenotypical traits on plant model. Study of this process was historically centred around botanical studies, while its importance in mycology is just being uncovered in recent years. Introgression is a phenomenon that can occur when hybrid backcrosses with one of the parental species. Based on recent studies it is apparent that hybridization played its role in evolution of MAT locus genes of Neurospora, transfer of adaptive traits with Ophiostoma species (invasive pathogen of elm trees). Within Aspergillus family hybridization was described both on intraspecific and interspecific level. More detailed study of this process and improving of used methods could potentially help in clinical application by uncovering adaptive genes responsible for resistance towards antimycotics, higher virulence and other traits.
|
|
|
Taxonomy, diversity and clinical relevance of the genus Aspergillus
Hubka, Vít ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Labuda, Roman (referee) ; de Beer, Wilhelm (referee)
Aspergillus is a speciose genus encompassing nearly 400 species that has significant economic impacts on human health, the food industry, biotechnology and pharmacology. The research included in this thesis focuses on current issues related to the generic concept, subgeneric classification and species delimitation in Aspergillus. It addresses the need for revisions of several sections or species complexes. It provides novel information regarding etiology of aspergillosis as well as the antifungal susceptibilities of several less common opportunistic pathogens. The taxonomic section of the thesis contributes to the taxonomic stability and the new concept of the genus Aspergillus, which changed in response to the discontinuation of dual nomenclature in fungi. Sufficient arguments were collected (e.g., verification of monophyly, unifying phenotypic characters) for maintaining a broad concept of the genus and avoiding splitting it into several genera. All genera typified by sexual morphs and having Aspergillus asexual states were synonymized with Aspergillus and the appropriate names adopted; new combinations were made for teleomorphic species that lacked Aspergillus names. This thesis also contributed to infrageneric taxonomy of the genus via the proposal of four new sections in the subg. Circumdati,...
|
|
|
β-tubulin paralogs in Aspergillus: taxonomical importance and molecular tools for distinguishing
Hubka, Vít ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Bunček, Martin (referee)
A beta-tubulin gene (benA) is widely used in taxonomy and identification of Aspergillus spp. and other Fungi.Across Aspergillus spp. There is either one (benA) or two beta-tubulin paralogs (benA and tubC). The risk ofcontemporary use of sequences of paralogous genes with non-homologous function in the same phylogeneticanalysis is well known. It is evident that it had happened repeatedly in Aspergillus section Nigri. It is alarmingthat conventional primers for amplification of partial benA sequence can specifically amplify tubC paralog insome species. In this work, both paralogs were characterised in a set of species. The beta-tubulin primers in usewere revised and new, more benA specific primers were designed. Applicability of some markers such as basecomposition, codon usage and length of introns for distinguishing -tubulin paralogs benA and tubC is tested. Alarge study on molecular diversity of 349 isolates of Aspergillus (PCR-fingerprint, sequence data - ITS, benA,rpb2, caM) originating from Czech culture collections and from clinical material is also included. 82 specieswere identified, togetherwith nine tentative new taxa belonging to sections with high economic impact - Nigri,Fumigati or Aspergillus (Eurotium spp.). Five species from Section Aspergillus could be synonymised withexisting taxa. A study...
|
|
|
Copper metabolism in pathogenic eukaryotic microorganisms
Doležalová, Taťána ; Šuťák, Róbert (advisor) ; Pilátová, Jana (referee)
Copper is an essential trace element for almost every living organism. Its fundamental role in metabolism is caused by the redox properties of this metal. Owing to that it is a vital cofactor of many enzymes participating in cell energy metabolism as well as in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Nevertheless, too high copper concentration can damage the cells. The toxic effect of copper is manifested usually as the production of hydroxyl radicals distorting the cell structures. It can also damage Fe-S clusters that are essential for many enzymes. To avoid toxic manifestations the cell must balance on the edge of proper copper import and regulated export. Many specialized transporters and ATPases serve exclusively for copper transport. There are also known metallochaperones binding the potentially toxic metals and transporting them to the target protein. An interesting role in metabolism is played by the metallothioneins that bind cytosolic copper. Understanding copper homeostasis in pathogenic organisms reveals many interesting possibilities for better targeted treatment. For example, diseases caused by opportunistic fungi like Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus or Cryptococcus neoformans contribute significantly to the deaths of immunodeficient patients. Some copper metabolism...
|
|
| |
|
|
Taxonomy, diversity and clinical relevance of the genus Aspergillus
Hubka, Vít ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Labuda, Roman (referee) ; de Beer, Wilhelm (referee)
Aspergillus is a speciose genus encompassing nearly 400 species that has significant economic impacts on human health, the food industry, biotechnology and pharmacology. The research included in this thesis focuses on current issues related to the generic concept, subgeneric classification and species delimitation in Aspergillus. It addresses the need for revisions of several sections or species complexes. It provides novel information regarding etiology of aspergillosis as well as the antifungal susceptibilities of several less common opportunistic pathogens. The taxonomic section of the thesis contributes to the taxonomic stability and the new concept of the genus Aspergillus, which changed in response to the discontinuation of dual nomenclature in fungi. Sufficient arguments were collected (e.g., verification of monophyly, unifying phenotypic characters) for maintaining a broad concept of the genus and avoiding splitting it into several genera. All genera typified by sexual morphs and having Aspergillus asexual states were synonymized with Aspergillus and the appropriate names adopted; new combinations were made for teleomorphic species that lacked Aspergillus names. This thesis also contributed to infrageneric taxonomy of the genus via the proposal of four new sections in the subg. Circumdati,...
|
|
|
Sledování úrovně mikrobiální kontaminace vybraných druhů čajů
Polášek, Viktor
This Diploma thesis describes the history of tea, its charakterisic, technologic processing, chemical structure and effect on human organism, as well as requirements of legislation. This is followed by characterization of microbes which contaminate teas, products of their metabolism which have negative effects on human health (especially mykotoxins) and struglge against these microbes. Experimental part is orientated on assignment of significant groups of microbes in samples of tea in draw leaves and prepered tea.
|
|
|
β-tubulin paralogs in Aspergillus: taxonomical importance and molecular tools for distinguishing
Hubka, Vít ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Bunček, Martin (referee)
A beta-tubulin gene (benA) is widely used in taxonomy and identification of Aspergillus spp. and other Fungi.Across Aspergillus spp. There is either one (benA) or two beta-tubulin paralogs (benA and tubC). The risk ofcontemporary use of sequences of paralogous genes with non-homologous function in the same phylogeneticanalysis is well known. It is evident that it had happened repeatedly in Aspergillus section Nigri. It is alarmingthat conventional primers for amplification of partial benA sequence can specifically amplify tubC paralog insome species. In this work, both paralogs were characterised in a set of species. The beta-tubulin primers in usewere revised and new, more benA specific primers were designed. Applicability of some markers such as basecomposition, codon usage and length of introns for distinguishing -tubulin paralogs benA and tubC is tested. Alarge study on molecular diversity of 349 isolates of Aspergillus (PCR-fingerprint, sequence data - ITS, benA,rpb2, caM) originating from Czech culture collections and from clinical material is also included. 82 specieswere identified, togetherwith nine tentative new taxa belonging to sections with high economic impact - Nigri,Fumigati or Aspergillus (Eurotium spp.). Five species from Section Aspergillus could be synonymised withexisting taxa. A study...
|
|
|
Interaction of humans and the environment in residential hauses with walls from inorganic masonry
Brada, Lukáš ; Kocourková, Jana (advisor) ; Zemanová, Lucie (referee)
Interaction of humans and the environment, is subject to the occurrence of mold in
residential buildings. Mold development has been the ultimate result of a variety of
phenomena, processes and causes that have penetrated in various stages of preparation,
implementation and operation of buildings. The negative effects which the mold in a residential area buildings exhibit is primarily a reduction in the use of comfort living
space in the form of health risks in the form of allergic reactions and possibly causing
chronic problems. Chronic problems over time can lead to serious illness. A big role in
the occurrence of mold also plays a reduction of aesthetic values of residential spaces
requiring repair and remedy these deficiencies. When removing adverse events leads to
an unnecessary additional environmental burden.
Problems of fungi in ground buildings are very expansive and interdisciplinary
problems, which incorporates structural, termomechanic, chemical and biologic aspects.
In this undergraduate work I concentrated on the origin of fungi in ground buildings
with inorganic materials and I am discribing at least some important sources and aspects
of fungi origin in each phases origin and exploitation building, with usage of specialised
literature. Model compultations and examples of origin fungi are performed.
Autocephalous origin of fungi in residencial buildings is yet fallback situation, which
can be possibly prevented. But due to conditions for origin fugi can begin long ago this
fallback situation. Store of bias each phases living buildings is accentuated on possibly
fugi production in buildings from project up to operation.
|
guest ::
