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Avian malaria in the Swallow
Krausová, Simona ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Long-distance migratory birds can encounter a wide range of parasites. Various populations of birds within one species use different migration routes and can also winter in different places. It can be supposed that birds which use different migration routes should be infected with different parasites. To study the relationship between the migration and the distribution of parasites we chose the worldwide species barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) and the avian malaria parasites. Swallows migrate long distances in different migrating routes. Some populations of swallows do not migrate, they are resident. This is the reason why swallow is a good model species for finding the answers to questions whether the populations using different migration routes are infected with different parasites or not and whether or not the diversity of parasites is wider in populations which migrate long distances in comparison with the resident populations. The malaria lineages of the genus Plasmodium and Haemoproteus were detected using nested PCR and sequencing. 1242 samples from 8 different localities from the USA, Europe and Asia were tested. We detected 24 different malaria lineages. Within the genus Plasmodium 4 of 16 lines were detected for the first time and in the genus Haemoproteus 3 of 6 lines were detected for the first...
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Soil and terrain changes as a result of increased erosion and accumulation processes in selected locations
Votýpka, Jan ; Šefrna, Luděk (advisor) ; Zádorová, Tereza (referee)
Soil and terrain changes as a result of increased erosion and accumulation processes in selected locations Abstract Colluvial soils are formed in areas with increased intensity of soil erosion. Colluvial soils originate as a result of their position in terrain, they are usually found in places where has accumulated erosion material. Very often they are to be found at the around of slopes. Their accumulation horizon is deeper than 25 cm with a great amount of organic carbon buried in it. In my diploma thesis I will attempt to take a closer look at three locations, each having different types of dominant soils. The aim of this diploma thesis is to rebuild the original shape of the terrain before the beginning of the soil erosion process. Keywords: colluvial soil, soil erosion, soil accumulation, land use, digital terrain model (DTM)
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Development of sexual characteristics of phlebotomine sand flies
Pavlasová, Michaela ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Král, David (referee)
Thesis is focused on study of phlebotomus generative attributes development and body dimension influence for some determinant notes therefore is divided into two thema parts. First thematic part of thesis is heeding to rotation of outer genitalia of chosen phlebotomus subgenus males and their representatives: Adlerius (Phlebotomus arabicus), Larroussius (Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus tobbi), Euphlebotomus (Phlebotomus argentipes), Paraphlebotomus (Phlebotomus sergenti), Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus papatasi), Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia longipalpis) and Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia schwetzi). In this parts was discovered and compared time of station of genitalia for chosen subgenera. Also the time from emergence of adults to rotation and rotation time dependence on adults daytime eclosion was measured. Times of rotation time duration including that of times from rotation beggining were at subgenuses expressively different, from S. schwetzi with the shortest rotation time of 12 hours to P. sergenti with the longest with average time rotation of 32 hours. Further were compared rotations of two genuses within subgenus Larroussius: P. orientalis a P. tobbi. Here also were each rotation times expressively different that do not validate the rotation should be specific for given subgenus. Observed was also...
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Peritrophic matrix of bloodsucking Dipteran insects.
Homola, Miroslav ; Sádlová, Jovana (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
The peritrophic matrix is an acellular envelope which surrounds the food bolus in the midgut of many animal species (especially in insects). It fulfils many functions in the midgut e. g.: protects the gut against an abrasion and against toxic substances, improves the digestion of food and protects the gut epithelium against pathogens. The last function might be the main reason of the occurrence of the peritrophic matrix in large amount of insect species. The peritrophic matrix is composed of chitin fibres and proteins. Chitin provides the peritrophic matrix strength and flexibility. Chitin fibres can be organised into three elementary structures: random, hexagonal and squared. The size of pores in peritrophic matrix depends on incorporated proteins - especially peritrophins. These pores determine the permeability of the peritrophic matrix for various penetrating molecules including digestive enzymes. This bachelor thesis is focused on Insecta sensu stricto (Hexapoda) and mainly on the order Diptera, especially bloodsucking species. Following chapters review recent information about the peritrophic matrix and its nomenclature, occurrence, assembling, composition and functions. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Sand fly-borne viruses
Nedvědová Cvanová, Lucie ; Volf, Petr (advisor) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of protozoan, bacterial and viral patogens causing diseases in humans and domestic animals. This thesis summarizes the current knowledge on sand fly-born viruses, their distribution in the World, infection symptoms and life cycle in the nature. These viruses are transmitted by sand flies of genera Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia and Sergentomyia and they can be found on every continent except for Antarctica. They belong into four families, Bunyaviriae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae and Flaviviridae, the most known and widespread is genus Phlebovirus from the family Bunyaviridae. Some of these sand fly-born viruses cause febrile illness, sometimes accompanied by acute meningoencephalitis (e.g. Toscana virus), while the others have not been proven to cause any disease in vertebrates. Animal reservoir of most of these viruses has not been found yet.
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Sand flies as hosts of monoxenous and dixenous trypanosomatids
Vondráček, Oldřich ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Jirků, Kateřina (referee)
Phlebotomine sandflies are blood sucking Dipteran and important vectors of various patogens, especially leishmania parasites (Trypanosomatida, Leishmaniinae). Apart from the genus Leishmania they also transmit variety of other parasites and they are considered to be vectors of trypanosomes (genus Trypanosoma) and hosts of some monoxenous trypanosomatids. This Master thesis is focused on the occurrence and development of mono- and dixenous trypanosomatids (other than the genus Leishmania) in sandflies. We studied experimental infections of various species of sandflies and mosquitoes by two species of trypanosomes and one species of monoxenous parasite (Strigomonas galati). All three studied trypanosomatid species were isolated from sandflies. Further concern of the thesis is the transmission of both species of trypanosomes from sandflies to vertebrate hosts and the transmission of monoxenous parasite between insect hosts and also morphological changes of parasite cells during the development in a culture and in the insect and vertebrate hosts.
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Types of Leishmania development in phlebotomine species
Nováková, Julie ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Sádlová, Jovana (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to depict the means of Leishmania development in sand flies (Phlebotominae). Three main Leishmania evolutionary branches (subgenera Leishmania, Viannia and Sauroleishmania) have a slightly different development in the vector, the Sauroleishmania development being the least known. The vector-bound development of the subgenus Leishmania is localized in the midgut and foregut of the sand fly solely, whereas species of the Viannia subgenus occur in the hindgut (although the necessity of this phase for a successful development and infection of the vertebrate host is a matter of doubt) and the subgenus Sauroleishmania development is according to literature confined to the hindgut. Quite little is known about the genus Endotrypanum, according to phylogenetic data set inside the Leishmania group. In my bachelor thesis, I review up-to-date literature on the topic of different types of Leishmania development inside the sand flies and their probable reasons.
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Parous and nulliparous female detection in blood-sucking nematocera insects
Mračková, Marie ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Král, David (referee)
Nematocerous insects belong to the order Diptera, one of the largest and worldwide spread groups of insects. Haematophagous species act not only as tormentors, but also as vectors of various pathogens. The first section of this thesis reviews about insetct's reproductive systems, multiple blood-feeding, autogeny and development of ova; the information which are necessary for the transmission understanding. The principal topic of the thesis is reviewing methods for distinguishing parous and nulliparous females, which are commonly used for four Nematoceran groups: mosquitoes (Culidicade), black flies (Simuliidae), sand flies (Phlebotominae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, the genus Culicoides). The section is focused mainly on family Culicidae, because the methods used for mosquitoes were the groundwork for developing methods suitable for the other groups. Some of the procedures, for example counting folicular dilatations or assessing the condition of tracheoles in the ovaries, are used for most of the studied groups; others, like pigmentation of the abdominal wall in the genus Culicoides, can be used only for one group. Knowledge of the female parity is very important for epidemiological and ecological studies, because only parous females, previously blood-fed on infected hosts, can transmit...
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Phylogeography and ecology of the Cimex species (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) in Europe; the evolution of taxa and specialization of hosts
Balvín, Ondřej ; Vilímová, Jitka (advisor) ; Hypša, Václav (referee) ; Votýpka, Jan (referee)
The life strategies of parasites and evolutionary mechanisms forming their diversity are particularly various and become frequent objects of study. The Ph.D. thesis deals with one of the obligate ectoparasitic haematophagous groups of insects, the species of the genus Cimex (Heteroptera: Cimicidae). Unlike in most other ectoparasites, the strategy of cimicids consists of remaining hidden in the shelter of their host. They use the host body only to feed and disperse. The advantage of the lower competition with other ectoparasites is counterbalanced by the need for particularly stable blood source, for which the cimicids choose social hosts living in colonies. The most frequent and the original hosts of cimicids are bats. The host range of particular species of Cimicidae is often rather broad. The morphological analysis of the Cimex pipistrelli species group showed, however, differentiation according to host bat species. This suggests a need for adaptation to particular host species within the usual range. The differentiation was not found reflected in the mitochondrial DNA. It is thus possible that cimicids can exhibit phenotype plasticity. The host associated morphological variability likely caused as many as three species of C. pipistrelli group to be described from Europe, from which two were...
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Canine babesisosis in Europe
Majerová, Karolina ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Široký, Pavel. (referee)
Babesiosis is a parasitic disease that affects various animal species and also human. It is characteristic by erythrocyte destruction and malaria-like syndroms and caused by different Babesia species which belong to the phylum Apicomplexa. Canine babesiosis is a serious veterinary disease which has recently spread to new regions in Europe and belongs to the cathegory of "emerging infectious diseases". The most common causative agent of canine babesiosis in Europe is Babesia canis whose vector is a tick Dermacentor reticulatus. The range of geographical distribution of D. reticulatus has been expanding in last decades - probably due to climate changes - northward and in Central Europe westward too. Occurrence of canine babesiosis in new regions which have been well documented from Central and Western Europe, is probably caused by the spread of its tick vector, Dermacentor reticulatus, but more factors can play a role.
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