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Recognition-decision-making strategies and socio-cognitive mechanisms applied in the identification process
Trojanová, Hana ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Blatný, Marek (referee) ; Spurný, Joža (referee)
The main topic of this dissertation is the forensic method of lineups. This issue is approached mainly from the perspective of social and forensic psychology. The main goal is to describe decision-making strategies and socio-cognitive mechanisms applied in the identification process. The theoretical part deals with identification processes based on memory, social cognition in the context of lineups, and variables that most often appear in forensic-psychological research focused on eyewitness testimony. These variables are divided into two basic areas - variables that cannot be controlled in advance (estimator variables - on the witness, offender and circumstances side) and variables that can be controlled (known as system variables). The experimental part presents two main researches corresponding to the above-mentioned areas of variables. The first research focuses on the witness and his/her decision-making processes as a variable that cannot be controlled in advance. The results of the research confirmed the assumption that respondents using absolute judgment were more accurate and faster in their identification than those with relative judgment. The second research is focused on the creation of fair lineups, as a possible controllable variable. We evaluated the lineups created by experts from...
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Psychosocial aspects in the profession of criminal investigator
Vavrošová, Kateřina ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
In the research part the thesis analyses individual psychosocial aspects of a police investigator's profession. It largely concerns their specific knowledge, abilities, skills and personal characteristics. Special attention is drawn to the social and communication skills, which are used by investigators within most of their tasks. With regard to the demanding character of the profession, a chapter about stress and the burnout syndrome is also incorporated. The aim of the empirical part is to put forward a research design using Torrance Test of Creative Thinking and NEO Five-Factor Inventory, which would attempt to reveal a relationship between creativity, success, openness to new experience and diligence. It also focuses on the particularities, employment, importance and limitations of creativity in the profession of police investigators. Keywords: characteristics of police investigators, stress, burnout syndrome, creativity
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Perception and functioning of mediator from the perspective of his impartiality
Večeřová, Michaela ; Jaroš, Jan (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
The aim of the bachelor thesis is to capture the crucial aspect of functioning of the mediator in a process of mediation, thus his neutrality, which acts as a factor not only influencing the relationship between participants and mediator, but also a relationship between participants. These mutual relationships participate largely on the process and result of the mediation. The principle of neutrality is one of the fundamental principles, upon which the mediation is built. In the theoretical part, as an introduction, the mediation as an alternative dispute resolution is briefly presented. The emphasis is put mainly on the psychological aspect of mediation. Secondly, the key concept, on which the bachelor thesis is focused on, thus the concept of neutrality, is analyzed. The major part of the theoretical section is dedicated to the neutrality of the mediator directly in the process of mediation. The objective is to clarify, why it is so significant, how it may be percieved and what psychological interventions may be used in order to influence it. Subsequent part of the thesis includes the proposal of the replication of two foreign researches. Quantitative research focused on screening the effect of storytelling order regarding the discussed case on the subsequent mediator's perceived neutrality from...
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Characteristic of reduced general credibility by interrogations with specific personality disorder
Vejsadová, Jitka ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
The bachelor thesis studies characteristics of testimonies of individuals with a specific personality disorder. Specific personality disorders can be characterized by decreased general credibility. It is due to abnormalities in cognitive, emotional, and social components of the psyche by which each disease is expressed. This bachelor thesis aims to describe aspects where the testimonies of individuals with a specific personality disorder may differ from reality. The results can be leveraged for the future identification of credible and non-credible parts in the testimony. The empirical part focuses on paranoid personality disorder. I analyze the testimonies of witnesses with the paranoid personality disorder using the Statement Validity Assessment (SVA), precisely, its fourth part - Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA). The testimonies of individuals with paranoid personality disorder are then compared to testimonies of healthy individuals.
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The selected aspects of a criminalistic recognition
Sekretová, Klára ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the institute of recognition (lineup) in the legal, criminalistic and psychological context. The first chapter is devoted to the presentation of the legal regulation of the recognition in the Czech legal order and the criminalistic view of the execution of the recognition, which is not always supported by the law. The second chapter is devoted to the psychological view of recognition, in particular it presents selected fundamental variables that play a role in the recognition (system variables and estimator variables). The selected estimator variable - own age bias - is analysed in more detail in the second chapter. Own age bias means that people tend to recognize other people of similar age more accurately. The content of the third chapter is a brief connection of the information outlined in the first and second chapter, in particular the selected proposals de lege ferenda are presented. The fourth chapter contains a research proposal that aims to support the own age bias variable in the Czech Republic. Keywords lineup, psychology, law, own age bias, age of offender
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Psychological aspects of child testimony in the age of 3 to 6 years
Rác, Jaroslav ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
I Abstract Present work focuses on psychological aspects of witness testimony of children in the age of three to six years, which specify means and methods for execution of an effective interview. In the first part the reader is introduced with aspects of vocabulary and grammar development, followed by a chapter about memory skills of preschool children, including the effect of stress on memory coding and recall. The same chapter also contains a part about the perception and understanding of time by a prechooler, which becomes the theoretical foundation for the design of the empirical study. The next chapter focuses on the problem of suggestibility of preschool children from the perspective of the interviewer, as well as the child witness and it's surroundings. Last but not least, the final chapter of the first part of this work brings forth the means and methods of a good interview, which includes a summary and a short review of today's investigative interview protocols. The second part of this work designs an empirical study on the suitability of using a visual time-telling aid during an investigative interview with a child in the age of three to six years. Children in the study would be attending a prechool summer camp, in which they would become witnesses of a disappearance of a camp councelor. They...
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Hate crimes in cyberspace
Rizzi, Cristina ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
I Abstract The bachelor thesis concentrates on the phenomenon called hate crimes in cyberspace. In the first place thesis maps possible interpretation of this phenomenon and presents various opinios of authors. Furthermore, thesis concentrates on the description of cyberspace and cybercrime. It also lists types of hate crimes in cyberspace. In the last chapters thesis concentrates on perpetratiors and victims of hate crimes in cyberspace. The aim of this thesis is to map all these topics. Proposal of the practical part is focused on the victims of hate crimes in cyberspace. The research is quantitative and aim to find out if there is a difference between psychological effects of the hate crime on victims who have suffered cyber attacks and the victims who have experienced attack in real life. Keywords hate crimes, cyberspace, cybercrime, victims
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Hate crimes
Nečas, Jaroslav ; Boukalová, Hedvika (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the concept of hate crime. At first it defines the term, its alternatives and options of translating it to Czech. Separately, the concepts of hate violence and hate speech are covered. The thesis then describes the perpetrator, his typical form, motives and the role of prejudice in the act of hate crime. Finally, the thesis focuses on the victims of hate crimes and their identification, followed by the victimization phenomenon and its specifics in the case of hate crime victims. Furthermore, model examples of victim groups are described, followed by description of the situation in Czech republic, the rights of victims here and the position of the Roma community. The proposition of research is focused on understandind the victim's point of view. The goal of the research lies in getting a better insight into the experience of the victim and determining the main areas of support the victim regards substancial. Key words: hate crimes, hatred, prejudice, victimization, perpetrator, victim
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Depression and postraumatic stress disorder as a consequence of the domestic violence
Pšák, Adam ; Čáp, David (advisor) ; Trojanová, Hana (referee)
Bachelor work is focused on the current phenomenon of the domestic violence. It informs the reader on its specifics and characteristic development with its forms, be it any kind of violence that is being used in the intimate relationship. The work introduces the variety in which the domestic violence can occur. It introduces the "cycle of domestic violence", that can be a good marker whether we are dealing with domestic violence or intimate partner violence. Next task of this work is to define the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in the context of domestic violence, but to point out the symptoms of either of the two disorders. Last goal of the first part of this bachelor work is to offer selected interventions, with mainly focusing on short intervention, to introduce them, present the aims of these interventions and compare their positives and negatives. The second part of this bachelor work offers a potential research that would focus on comparing the victims of domestic violence and partners that live in the conflict relationships. The aim of the research is to attempt to find potential threats in the form of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in the case of victims of domestic violence and those who have ended a conflict relationship.
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