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Tree rings and peat bogs as archives of recent trends in Pb and Hg deposition in the Czech Republic
Zuna, Milan ; Mihaljevič, Martin (advisor) ; Komárek, Michael (referee) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
1 Tree rings and peat bogs as archives of recent trends in Pb and Hg deposition in the Czech Republic Milan Zuna, 2012 Abstract The environment polluted by toxic metals is currently one of the most topical subjects studied in a great many countries. Toxic metals and their forms are studied primarily because of their negative impact on the environment and also on human health. In the territory of the Czech Republic, direct measurements of the concentrations of these substances are available only for a limited time period. Consequently, indirect methods, such as geochemical archives, are used to determine the historical environmental burdens from these metals. Historical lead concentrations (Pb) were studied on peat bog profiles and tree rings in selected localities in the Czech Republic. Altogether 12 peat bog profiles and 33 wood cores (Picea abies) were studied, in the border territories of the Czech Republic with different historical burdens (Krušné Hory - Novodomské rašeliniště - ND, Jizerské hory - Bílá Smědá - BS, Šumava - Jezerní slat - JS), and in a historically burdened area polluted by processing of Pb- Ag ores (Příbram-Brdy). In the vicinity of Příbram, areas around the Brdy ridge (9 km east of the Pb metallurgical works) as well as in the immediate vicinity of the metallurgical works. We used the...
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The effect of spoil-mining subtrate with heavy metal contents on leaf physiological status with emphasis on phenolics content.
Kovářová, Monika ; Lhotáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
5 ABSTRACT Heavy metals abundance in the environment increases via natural and anthropogenic processes, mainly mining and industrial activities. Spoil mine substrates of the Sokolovsko Region characteristic by high heavy metal contents are recultivated by tree planting, e.g. of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The diploma thesis is a part of a larger project aimed on interpretation of hyperspectral remote sensing data for monitoring of vegetation physiological state. That is why it is focused on non-specific indicators of stress by heavy metals, which can be detected by foliage spectral analyses. The experimental part of thesis comprises 1) field research on P. sylvestris needles and 2) model pot experiments on tobacco plants. Field research was accomplished in 2009 and 2010 on one control locality and three spoil mine banks localities with different heavy metal soil contents (Hg, As and Cu). Photosynthetic pigments', phenolic compounds'and lignin contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Model pot experiments with tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun) - pilot experiment and experiments 1 and 2 using the spoil mine substrates in 2011 and experiment 3 in 2012 also included treatments with different mercury concentration in irrigation (10 and 15 ppm HgCl2). Gasometric measurements (net...
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Mechanism of uptake of heavy metals and organic compounds by plants
Berkyová, Petra ; Soudek, Petr (advisor) ; Petrová, Šárka (referee)
Heavy metals and organic compounds represent a great problem for environment. Therefore, attention is paid to the development of techniques for removing these pollutants from the sites of pollution. One of the possibilities is that heavy metals and organic compounds are removed from soil by using fytoremediation. Fytoremediation uses the ability of some plant species to uptake toxic compounds from soil and accumulate these compounds in its tissues. These plants are able to tolerate higher amounts of toxic compounds than it's usual because of the broad range of detoxification mechanisms, which are taking place in these plants. After the root uptake, heavy metals may be chelated by phytochelatins, metallothioneins or other chelators and subsequently stored in vacuoles. Transport of metal ions and metal complexes between cells compartments is mediated by many specific transport proteins. Detoxification mechanisms of organic compounds involve transfomation, conjugation and store of these compounds in plant tissues.
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Thorium in environment
Adam, Rostislav ; Soudek, Petr (advisor) ; Petrová, Šárka (referee)
All known isotopes of thorium are radioactive, 6 of them occur in nature decay chains. Thorium forms mainly cation Th4+ . Because thorium behaves like REE, Ce, Zr, Hf, Sc and U, it is a problem with thorium separation. There is requested leach thorium from ore for production of thorium. Monazite is mostly used for industrial production of Thorium. Electrolysis or chemical reduction are the most spread technologies for metal thorium production. For determination of thorium can be used many methods. Currently there is are usualy used radio-spectrometry or mass-spectrometry for determination of Thorium. Thorium occurs in small amounts in all parts of environment. Most of naturally occuring thorium are in the solid part of environment. Radioactive decay of thorium are using in geochronology. Thorium could be use in future as nuclear reactors fuel. Some other usage of thorium are catalyst in organic synthesis, Welsbach lamps or non-silicate glass. Thorium have also some chemical toxic efects for all organism, but more serious problem is its radioactivity. Final product of radioactive decay is lead. Non-stable products are radium, radon, bismuth, thalium and polonium. All products of radioactive decay have some specific chemical toxicity. 1
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Phytoextraction of Benzodiazepines from Water Solutions
Grasserová, Alena ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
Abstract, key words The aim of this thesis was to perform a phytoextraction experiment with benzodiazepines chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, alprazolam and bromazepam on corn plant (Zea mays). After 14 days of growing of sterile cultivation, new medium (Murashige and Skoog) contaminated with benzodiazepine was added. The starting concentration of benzodiazepine was 10 mg · l-1. After every 24 hours, a sample of medium was collected. The actual concentration of benzodiazepine was measured on HPLC with UV detection. Extractable residues were also analysed to find out whether the benzodiazepine is being translocated to the upper parts of the plant. The same HPLC conditions were used for these samples. The greatest phytoextraction efficiency (the amount of drug extracted by 1 gram of biomass in 24 hours) was observed for chlordiazepoxide, followed by bromazepam, alprazolam and diazepam respectively. The extractable residues analysis confirmed the translocation to the upper parts of the plant for every of the benzodiazepines tested. That indicates a threat for the animals through the food chain contamination. Key words: phytoremediation, phytoextraction, benzodiazepines, extractable residuals, HPLC.
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The study of interactions of drug residues with higher plants
Štrosová, Sofie ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
Psychotropic agents are currently commonly used drugs. Their consumption increases dramatically, thus increasing the possibility of environmental contamination. Although these substances are largely metabolized, some of them are excreted through urine into municipal wastewater. Wastewater treatment plants only partially remove these micropolutants. Water effluent from wastewater treatment plants enter surface flows and through them pollutants are spread in the aquatic ecosystem and can contaminate terrestrial organisms. The interaction of drugs with plants provides us with information about the possible use of biotechnological decontamination technology - phytoremediation. In addition, the same process shows us the possibility of contamination of food chains of humans and animals, where these pollutants can cause changes in behavior and reproduction. The active substances trazodone and hydroxyzine are frequently prescribed drugs. The possibility of their phytoextraction and their uptake by the root system of corn plants (Zea mays) in an in vitro sterile model system was studied. Plants were cultivated on Murashige-Skoog medium. After adequate growth, medium with the studied pollutant with concentration 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L was added to the cultivations. The decrease in drug concentration in the...
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Phytoextraction of Selected Pharmaceuticals
Hatasová, Nicolette ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is a study of phytoextraction of trazodone which represents the active component of an antidepressant sold under the name Trittico. Trazodone is not completely metabolized in organisms and part of drug is excreted unchanged by urinary system to wastewater. Phytoextraction represents new and economical method used to remove residual concentrations of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. These substances enter the environment even after previous cleaning in wastewater treatments plants. The removal of pharmaceutical residues is generally not sufficient which is related to development of more effective methods. Plant maize (Zeamays) was used for this experiment in which degradation effectivity was monitored for eight days. Concentrations of trazodone in various cultivations were determined by HPLC. Results showed that selected antidepressant was extracted during the experiment and phytoextractiontook place. Key words: phytoextraction, wastewater treatment plants, wastewater, pollution, antidepressants, trazodone
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Phytoextraction of benzodiazepines
Rychlovská, Kristýna ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
The aim of this study was to carry out experiments with maize (Zea mays) for the purpose of finding out the efficiency of phytoextraction of chosen pharmaceuticals from the nutrient solution. The plants were cultivated for three weeks in a sterile environment. Then was added a nutrient solution enriched with chosen benzodiazepines - diazepam, flunitrazepam, nitrazepam and bromazepam - in concentration 5-10 mg/L. The samples from each plant were taken every day (24 hours) and then were analyzed with HPLC/UV. The efficiency of phytoextraction was evaluated in two ways. The first one as an percentage of a decrease of the concentration of the pharmaceuticals in the solution with time, the second one as an amount of phytoextracted pharmaceutical in milligrames per gram of the plant matter. From the standpoint of the decrease of the concentration was as the most efficient measured the phytoextraction of nitrazepam (74,7 %), less efficient diazepam and bromazepam (55,2 %, respectively 53,9 %) and the least efficient flunitrazepam (38,0 %). When converted to the mass of the plant matter the most efficient was found the phytoextraction of bromazepam (0,08 mg of drug to 1 gram of plant matter), lower efficiency by bromazepam and diazepam (both 0,02 mg) and the lowest again by flunitrazepam (0,01 mg). key...
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Preparation and phytoextraction of 125-I labelled pharmaceuticals
Luptáková, Dominika ; Smrček, Stanislav (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
Pharmaceuticals are group of organic substances with significant worldwide consumption in human and veterinary medicine. These compounds may be metabolized in the organism, but in some cases they remain unchanged and both are usually excreted via renal excretion in the native form or as metabolites. Large quantities of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites contaminate municipal wastewater. The wastewater treatment plants are unable to remove these substances completely, so they contaminate surface water, groundwater and soil as well. Due to the biological activity of pharmaceuticals, long - term effect may cause bacterial resistance, endocrine influence, DNA and renal damages in non-target organisms. The phytoextraction and the translocation of radiolabeled diclofenac with 125 I were experimentally studied by using of in vitro cultivated plants Helianthus annuus and Zea mays. Efficiency od phytoextraction was monitored as decrease of radioactivity of tested substance [125 I]diclofenac in Murashige-Skoog cultivation medium. Both species are able to extract tested substance during 8 to 10 days of cultivation, with efficiency approximately 85 % using Zea mays and 79 % using Helianthus annuus. Better extraction ability of diclofenac was observed at Helianthus annuus - 80 mg/ kg of dry weight compared...
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Dust particles in the environment and their effect on plants - possibilities for use in phytoremediation
Endlerová, Šárka ; Soudek, Petr (advisor) ; Podlipná, Radka (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with dust particles, one of the substances polluting the enviroment, and their effect on plants, which can be used for phytoremediation. First part focuses on an oerview of substances that participate to air pollution and there are also given theri harmful effects on the environment. The next part describes the methods of phytoremediation and their use. In the last part is described experimental measurements of dust in the air and monitoring of polyaromatic hydrocarbons content in the atmosphere based on thein analysis on the surface of the leaves of trees. Key word: phytoremediation, dust particles, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, air pollution
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