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Effect of chromatin on the repair of double-strand DNA breaks after cleavage by CRISPR/Cas and other programmable nucleases in plants
Trojan, Jakub ; Přibylová, Adéla (advisor) ; Procházková, Klára (referee)
Plants are highly resistant to ionizing radiation, also thanks to a high-quality repair system for repairing double-stranded breaks. Double-strand breaks in plants are repaired by four repair pathways. Most often, double-strand breaks are repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which joins the broken ends without further processing. More accurate but slower and more complex is repair through homologous recombination (HR), which repairs the break using a homologous sequence. HR repair takes place preferentially in a region with active transcription and during the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Alternatively, repair further proceeds through single-strand annealing (SSA) or Theta mediated end joining (TMEJ). Both pathways are based on short homology between the overlapping ends of the double-strand break. An often neglected part of repairs is the overcoming of repressive chromatin, which protects the genome from DNA damage and prevents access of nucleases but also acts as a barrier for repair proteins. This work summarizes the current knowledge about DNA repair in plants. Furthermore, describe the influence of chromatin not only on the repair but also on the activity of programmable nucleases used in genetic engineering, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like...
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Mistakes in intonation nucleus placement in Czech learners of English
PŘIBYLOVÁ, Adéla
This bachelor thesis deals with intonation centre (nucleus) placement in Czech learners of English and the mistakes that can occur in the process. The theoretical part first introduces the basic terminology, followed by a detailed description of nucleus placement principles in both Czech and English. The theoretical part surveys the principles of nucleus placement and points out the differences in both languages. The practical part consists of research and its analysis. The method of the research uses dictaphone recordings of pupils and includes a short questionnaire related to the ways in which they learn English. English texts including final and nonfinal nucleus in sentence were created and were afterwards read by twenty Czech respondents. The analysis of the recordings presents the results of the research in the form of graphs and charts which suggest that most of the respondents are influenced by nucleus placement in Czech, that is, typically on the final element, despite the fact that the final position is occupied by an informationally unimportant element. The final part of the thesis explores the possible causes of inappropriate nucleus placement.
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Size matters - siRNAs biogenesis and function in Arabidopsis
Přibylová, Adéla ; Fischer, Lukáš (advisor) ; Honys, David (referee)
RNA interference (RNAi) play a key role in various biological processes including regulation of gens and transposons, phylogenetic of part plant body, stress response, chromatin remodeling and antiviral mechanism. The ground of RNAi is short RNA molecules (small RNA, sRNA). In plants they are produced in range from 21 to 24 nucleotides (nt) and on the basis of being complementary they recognize target molecule of RNAi. It is possible to divide small RNA in two basic classes: microRNAs (miRNA) and small interfering RNAs (siRNA). To product and put small RNA into activate needs proteins from several gene family. DICER-LIKE (DCL) proteins create small RNAs from double-strand RNA precursors, which are often created by RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) activity. With these small RNAs interact ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins and together create RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). Those complexes play a key role in recognizing target molecule in active phase of RNAi. Structure and biogenesis of sRNAs has decisive influence on RISC complex and its next way in biogenesis. RNAi cause effect on post-transcriptional level (PTGS), as degradation of target molecule or repression of translation. And on transcriptional level (TGS) as sRNA intermediate histone and DNA methylation.
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Dynamics of de novo DNA methylation and its impact on transgene expression and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis
Přibylová, Adéla ; Fischer, Lukáš (advisor) ; Pečinka, Aleš (referee) ; Fajkus, Jiří (referee)
Genetic information must be protected, maintained and copied from cell to daughter cells, from generation to generation. In plants, most of the cells contain complete genetic information, and many of these cells can regenerate to a whole new plant. Such a feature leads to the need for precise control of which genes will be active and which not because in growth and differentiation, only the activity of specific genes for the individual cells, tissues, organs are required. One of the mechanisms controlling the gene activity is RNA interference (RNAi), which down- regulates or blocks the expression of specific genes at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. The crucial part of the RNAi is guiding the RNAi machinery to the target. It is mediated via sequence complementarity of the target with a small RNA (sRNA), which is diced from a double- stranded RNA (dsRNA) precursor. The molecular mechanism of dsRNA and sRNA formation and also the target origin predestinates the subsequent silencing pathway. In transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), the gene expression is regulated through chromatin epigenetic modifications. One of the epigenetic marks is cytosine methylation, which is established mainly by RNA-directed DNA-methylation (RdDM) pathway. Although the protein machinery was relatively...
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Size matters - siRNAs biogenesis and function in Arabidopsis
Přibylová, Adéla ; Fischer, Lukáš (advisor) ; Honys, David (referee)
RNA interference (RNAi) play a key role in various biological processes including regulation of gens and transposons, phylogenetic of part plant body, stress response, chromatin remodeling and antiviral mechanism. The ground of RNAi is short RNA molecules (small RNA, sRNA). In plants they are produced in range from 21 to 24 nucleotides (nt) and on the basis of being complementary they recognize target molecule of RNAi. It is possible to divide small RNA in two basic classes: microRNAs (miRNA) and small interfering RNAs (siRNA). To product and put small RNA into activate needs proteins from several gene family. DICER-LIKE (DCL) proteins create small RNAs from double-strand RNA precursors, which are often created by RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) activity. With these small RNAs interact ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins and together create RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC). Those complexes play a key role in recognizing target molecule in active phase of RNAi. Structure and biogenesis of sRNAs has decisive influence on RISC complex and its next way in biogenesis. RNAi cause effect on post-transcriptional level (PTGS), as degradation of target molecule or repression of translation. And on transcriptional level (TGS) as sRNA intermediate histone and DNA methylation.
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Marketing Strategy of the Spa Lázně Poděbrady
Přibylová, Adéla ; Herget, Jan (advisor) ; Valenta, Petr (referee)
This thesis analyzes current situation of the Czech spa industry and significant changes in this field in relation to the planned health care reforms. The number of patients, whose treatment is fully funded by health insurance, will decline. These payments are important income for Czech spas. Practical part of the thesis is focused on spa marketing and suggests marketing strategy for the company Lázně Poděbrady adapted to the new economic environment.
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Voluntary service as a motivation for participation in tourism
Přibylová, Adéla ; Jarolímková, Liběna (advisor) ; Mlejnková, Lena (referee)
The bachelor thesis desribes voluntourism in terms of its historical development in the world as well as in the Czech Republic and analyses its contribution, risks and potential. It focuses on the European Union's program Youth in Action, particularly on projects of the European voluntary service. The profile of a typical volunteer coming to the Czech Republic to do his European voluntary service was created following the results of the survey and also his motivation was closely examined. The relevant results are presented by graphs.
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