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Interactions of mouse pinworms and trichomonads
Choutková, Jana ; Horák, Petr (advisor) ; Langrová, Iva (referee)
Oxyurid nematodes Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata are both common mouse intestinal parasites; in the same location several species of trichomonads occur. Tritrichomonas muris is the most often found, but there are also some others: Tritrichomonas minuta, Pentatrichomonas hominis or Hexamastix muris. It is known that, under some circumstances, trichomonads can be found in the intestine of mouse pinworms, as reported by Theiler and Farber (1936) for T. muris in A. tetraptera and S. obvelata. What is interesting, trichomonads were found also in pinworms from trichomonad-negative mice. In 1933, Becker observed motile trophozoites of T. muris in the egg of S. obvelata. These observations offer a chance that the protist may be transmitted to a new host in similar manner (via pinworm eggs) as it was described for Histomonas meleagridis. In our study we document trichomonads in pinworm bodies, determine species of trichomonads, search for their localization, morphology and, based on the data, assess possibility of trichomonad transmission to a new mammalian host via pinworm eggs. By use of classical histology, in situ hybridization and transmission electron microscopy, we observed trichomonads exclusively in the intestinal lumen of both pinworm species. They were found in the entire pinworm...
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Influence of meadow management on the migration behavior of selected species of butterflies
Bubová, Terezie ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Farkač, Jan (referee)
Migrations are the key process and one of the basic biological features, which allow survival of endangered species in fragmented landscape. In the last decades, agriculture intensification, industry and urbanization caused that number of natural butterfly habitats has significantly decreased. The localities originally suitable for butterflies are currnetly converted to farmland or building plots. This PhD thesis aimed to find a compromise solution of meadow management, which should allow a commercial use and concurrently do not jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species. The main idea of this study was in the intentional emigration causing in the middle of flight period, which should lead into resettlement of the population to another (potentially more suitable) locality. Possibility of aimed manipulation with butterfly emigrations would be considered as a major breakthrough in their protection.
The investigated species Phengaris nausithous (Bergsträsser, 1779) and Phengaris teleius (Bergsträsser, 1779) are both considered to be flagship species for protection of European butterflies at open meadows. This study is based on research, which was carried out in 2013-2015 at 17 patch in localities Dolní Labe, Czech Republic. In above mentioned years, one selected meadow was mowed in the middle of flight season and the emigrations were then monitored using mark-release-recapture method. Results of population and migration characteristics were calculated in MARK 8.1 software. Subsequently, the effect of mowing on emigration (comparison of emigrations from the meadow before and after mowing) was evaluated using Statistica 13.
The hypotheses of this study were based on the assumption, that the loss of resources after well-timed mowing should increase the activity of adult butterflies. During the monitoring, number of emigrations was increased only in flight season 2015. Unfortunately, the statistical evaluation did not show significant effect of mowing on migrations. On the other hand, the hypothesis dealing with colonization of nearest meadows was confirmed.
Effect of intentional emigration caused by management interventions was unfortunately not proved. However, we found out, that even though the population at one mowed meadow decreased clearly, the metapopulation size at the locality remained more or less stable.
At investigated (mowed) meadow, there was observed a sharp decline of P. nausithous abundance. On the other hand, P. teleius population was only slightly reduced. It is therefore conceivable, that P. teleius are not as susceptible to innapropriate term of mowing. The results obtained in our research conclusively displayed no possible positive effect of mowing in the middle of flight season and a necessity of suitable management maintenance at localities inhabited by Phengaris butterflies.
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Gastrointestinal nematodes in wild ruminants from Czech Republic
Heinclová, Pavla ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Vynikalová, Lucie (referee)
This study is focused on the occurrence of gastrointestinal nematodes in cervids in the Czech Republic. The aim of the study was to determine the species composition of gastrointestinal nematodes of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) . Research on presence of parasites in the digestive tract of roe deer and falow deer was done by using autopsy which was performed in the laboratory of the Department of Zoology and Fisheries FAPPZ CULS Prague according to K. I. Skrjabin.
Autopsy material was extracted from small intestine of the captured pieces during the years 2009 - 2014. Research was done on 15 deer coming from Central Bohemia, Ústí and Liberec region. For determination were used microscope and determination key. Among determination characteristics determined in females include overall length of the body width, shape and size of the vulva, the presence of flaps, vulva distance from the anus, the shape of the end of the body. Males observed features: overall length, size and shape of spicules, gubernaculum.
Among the common features observed included the formation of the pharynx and oral capsule. Each of the nematode was measured and incorporated into species and genera. Result shows nematodes: Trichostrongylus capricola, Nematodirus fillicolis venulosum and Oesophagostomum, Cooperia pectinata and subsequently evaluated prevalence.
From the results of the autopsy of the small intestine shows that the highest prevalence rate among deer and fallow deer reaches Trichostrongylus capricola (60 %) and Nematodirus filicollis (20 %). The lowest prevalence consistently achieve Oesophagostomum venulosum and Cooperia pectinata (6.7 %). The prevalence was consistent with studies carried out in other European countries. In comparison with studies in the Czech Republic with Trichostrongylus capricola was compared to another research from 2008 to decrease prevalence.
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Trichuris nematodes in wild ruminants
Páclík, David ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Nechybová, Stanislava (referee)
The parasite Trichuris species is widespread in wild ruminants in the country. In ruminants there are several species of parasite. In ruminants were species Trichuris discolor, Trichuris capreoli, Trichuris globulosa, Trichuris ovis, Trichuris skrjabini. Parasites of the genus can infect wild ruminants and economically ruminants. These are endoparasites which parasitizes in the gut. The body of the parasite Trichuris is divided into two parts. The thinner end of the head portion is inserted into the intestinal epithelial where obtains nutrients. Fat tail end is free in the intestine. The body is inarticulate. For this parasite is pronounced sexual dimorphism. Males have sexual spicules at the caudal end of the body. Females have a vulva, usually located at the transition from the thin head part to a stronger tail part of the body. Development cycle is no intermediate host. Animals become infected by ingestion of food containing egg with infective larvae. Development takes place through five larval stages. The generic name Trichuris is basically flawed and inaccurate, since it is based on the idea that the wire-thin body is part of the tail and thicker body part is the head (thrix = hair, ura = tail). Correct it later formed generic names Trichocephalus (Kefalo = head), which is also used in the literature as another name parasitic species Trichuris. However, it is still considered correct generic name Trichuris and disease caused by this parasite is therefore called trichuriosa.
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Toxoplasma gondii manipulation in the host
Dittrichová, Anna ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Nechybová, Stanislava (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to collect so far discovered findings about manipulation of behaviour caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The first part of this thesis introduces basic characteristic of the parasite and toxoplasmosis, which is a disease caused exactly by this parasite. In the second part we summarize outcomes of many different scientific essays that deal with manipulation of intermediate host behaviour. Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite that can modify the behaviour of the intermediate host, which can lead to serious changes in psychological profile of infected people. Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common zoonosis in the Czech Republic, the prevalence reaches 25-30 %. Toxoplasmosis is usually an asymptomatic infection, however it modifies the behaviour and acting of the intermediate host in some special situasions, it also changes excretion of important substances and affects the secondary sex ratio too. Toxoplasmosis is a very important risk especially for imunodeficit people and pregnant women. The principle of prevention is very strict personal and food hygiene.
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Parasites in nutria (Myocastor coypus)
Urbanová, Beáta ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Nechybová, Stanislava (referee)
The aim of this work was published data concerning parasites coypu (Myocastor coypus).
The first part describes the anatomy and the ethology of a coypu. Nutria is a relatively large rodent, native from South America. It lives near the water areas in small family groups which are lead by the old female. Its body is adapted to the life in water. Nutria is herbivores, which eats littoral and aquatic plants. It is a polyestric animal which gives birth to about six nidifugous pups. The nutria is the non-native species in the Czech Republic. The first import of nutrias was held in 1924 from Argentina. After that they escaped from the farms and due to they got into the wild.
The second part of this work characterizes parasites that have been diagnosed in nutrias. Protozoa diseases cause the coccidia and Toxoplasma. The coccidia are parasites of the genus Eimeria and belong to the most dangerous diseases for nutrias. The trematodes (Fasciola hepatica) also occur in nutrias and causing obturation and destruction of the liver. Anoplocephala sp., Hymenolepis octocornata and Rodentolepis avetjanae from tapeworms parasitize in nutria. Additionally nutrias serve as intermediate hosts of Echinococcus granulosus, Multiceps serialis and Taenia tenuicollis. The diseases, caused by parasitic nematodes from class Nematodes, are caused by parasites Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris myocastoris, the worms of genus Strongyloides (Strongyloides myopotami), and the worms from superfamily Trichostrongyloidae (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, T. myocastoris). Among the most ectoparasitic diseases frequently belong the scabies (Myocoptes myocastori, Chirodiscoides caviae) and Demodex spp.
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Trichurids in ruminants from Czech Republic.
Antošová, Tereza ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Ivana, Ivana (referee)
The goal of this paper was to determine rate of presence of whipworms of genus
Trichuris in bodies of selected ruminants (sheep, roe deer) in certain areas and to morphologically state different species of whipworms using molecular revision and professional literature on samples found during helmitological dissections of selected ruminants. Two hypotheses were stated: H1: species that are found in highest volume in case of roe deer and sheep are whipworms Trichuris discolor and Trichuris ovis H2: these whipworms can not be positively distinguished when using morphometrical methods.
Material needed for the study, i.e. the intestines of examined ruminants, was recovered in different areas of Czech Republic. Later were the intestines dissected in a laboratory using standardized procedure and hereby collected samples were analysed.
Based on selected methods it was determined that in roe deer the rate of occurence of Trichuris discolor is much higher compared to that of Trichuris ovis. With sheep the difference between rates of presence is smaller. These results confirm the first hypothesis by showing high rate of presence of whipworms in these hosts. Collected females of genus Trichurids were morphometrically differentiated by their sex and in 4 morphotypes. Following this differentiation, the most present were the females of morphotype M2, those with a vulval opening without an everted vagina. The second hypothesis was also confirmed.
Multihosting species Trichuris discolor and Trichuris ovis are prevalent in the bodies of roe deer and sheep. Thus we can say the roe deer are a potential source of whipworm contamination to sheep breeding. It can not be excluded that sheep are infected by roe deer and vice versa. Molecular determination is a necessary tool for correct assessment of whipworm species, considering the fact that morphological methods may lead to incorrect results.
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Endoparasites of horses
Scháňková, Štěpánka ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Bejček, Vladimír (referee)
Nine ponies were randomly allocated to one of three groups (A, B, C). Gradually, these groups of ponies were experimentally infected with third stage cyathostome larvae. Each pony was infected with 30,000 infective cyathostome larvae stored 4 weeks under the natural environmental conditions of the Czech Republic. These animals were examined post--mortem for small strongyle infections from October 2011 to January 2012. Seventeen species of the following Cyathostominae genera were identified: Coronocyclus, Cyathostomum,Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Gyalocephalus and Petrovinema. Of the 17 species of Cyathostominae recovered, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cyathostomum alveatum and Cylicocyclus nassatus were the most prevalent (100 %). From the entire population of Cyathostominae, 65,6 % were located in the caecum and only 34,4 % in the colon. Only 1,736 (24,6 %) females and 5,329 (75,4 %) males were observed. In the first and second phase (group A, B) of the experiment, 98.57 % and 95.48 % of adult nematodes were found, respectively. However, only 29,07% of adults were found in the third phase (group C) of experiment, and the proportion of arrested larvae (EL3) was 67.73%. All ponies were treated orally with ivermectin at a dosage of 400 ug /kg. However, adult Oxyuris equi were present in six horses. This is the first European study to demonstrate anthelmintic resistence in Oxyuris equi to macrocyclic lactones.
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Parasites in Lama spp. and in Vicugna vicugna
Záhorková, Veronika ; Langrová, Iva (advisor) ; Nechybová, Stanislava (referee)
Parasites in llama spp. and Vicugna Summary This bachelor thesis is written in the form of a literature review and discusses the most common internal and external parasites in llamas of the genera Lama and Vicugna. The mentioned parasites are taxonomically classified. There is summarized information regarding the occurrence, life cycles and causes of diseases. Described next are the clinical signs and subsequent treatment. Among the internal parasites causing protozoan infections belong Eimeria lamae, Eimeria alpacae, Eimeria punoensis, Eimeria ivitaensis, Eimeria macusaniensis, Eimeria peruviana. Further including Cryptosporidium parvum, Sarcocystis aucheniae and Giardia intestinalis. Of the phylum of flatworms described here are Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Moniezia expansa, Moniezia benedeni a Echinococcus granulosus. The phylum of nematodes is represented by Trichuris tenuis, Trichuris ovis, Capillaria sp., Lamanema chavezi, Nematodirus battus, Nematodirus lamae, Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus filicollis, Nematodirus lanceolatus, further including Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus axei, Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, Mazamastrongylus peruvianus, Teladorsagia spp., Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia lyrata, Marshallagia marshalli, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Oesophagostomum columbianum. An important group of external parasites consists of representatives of the family of Sarcoptidae and Psoroptidae, mites causing scabies. In llamas and alpacas we can encounter three types of scabies, namely sarcoptes (Sarcoptes scabiei), psoroptes (Psoroptes spp.) and chorioptes (Chorioptes bovis). The most common is chorioptic scabies, whose treatment is more difficult compared to sarkoptic and psoroptic scabies. Other mites in llama spp. and Vicugna are classified as Demodex spp. Among the parasitic insects in llamas belong sucking lice Microthoracius mazzai, Microthoracius minor, Microthoracius praelongiceps and biting lice Bovicola breviceps. For a better understanding of the issues I conducted a coprological examination of faecal samples of llamas and sheep using a concentrated McMaster method in compliance with FAO. Through examination parasites of the genera Eimeria, Nematodirus, Trichuris and the suborder Strongylida were detected. keywords: parasite, llama, alpaca
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