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Productivity dynamics of herb layer in the thermophilous oakwood in the Nature Reservation Na Voskopě (Czech Karst) with respect to the solar radiation intensity
Mevald, Ondřej ; Černý, Tomáš (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The Nature Reserve Na Voskopě is a special site where a long-term experiment was established in 2013, dealing with the switch of a long abandoned coppice back to its actively managed form. The project aims to examine the long-term impact of the proposed measures on the structure and diversity of plant species in herb layer especially in lighter woods at lower altitudes. The specific aim of this study was to examine the hypothesized crucial role of light conditions on the dynamics of plant biomass production in the undergrowth of such experimentally opened up thermophilous oak-dominated stand. A design was set up based on 40 permanent plots, where there were taken biomass samples from the herb layer in 2015. Further on, hemispherical images of forest canopy were photographed in the centre of each permanent plot. These images were evaluated in the analytical program WinScanopy, which calculates the amount of direct and diffuse radiation. The obtained datasets were evaluated by the regression analysis. The only decisive variable affecting the productivity of the herb layer turned to be diffuse radiation. The biomass data were also compared with light conditions sampled in the previous season (2014) as a part of ongoing experimental research. Season 2014 is characterized as a normal one and we managed to find a much stronger relationship between light conditions in 2014 and biomass productivity in 2015. Light conditions in season 2015 were significantly affected by the extremely dry and hot weather leading to strong defoliation of forest canopy. Still, we managed to demonstrate the positive impact of light conditions for the production of herb layer biomass. Weather extremes may also indicate an increase in biomass production in the next season, since a significant proportion of nutrients remained unused in the soil due to stopping the growth of vegetation. The current composition of the vegetation is very often determined by the extreme events in the abiotic environment occurring not long ago. Hemispherical images also proved as a very effective way to determine the light conditions, so it is also recommended to use for further research.
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Development, causalities and perspectives of cultivation of genetically modified and "clear field" crops in the context of world agriculture.
Němečková, Lucie ; Kuchtová, Perla (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The introduction of genetically modified crops raised controversial reactions that divide not only the professional community into two camps. Considering that rapeseed, soya beans and corn belong to the most important crops of the world, significant attention is given to the development of their GM varieties. Based on available information, a comparative study was compiled involving the effects of genetically modified varieties of these crops on the environment, human and animal health and socio-economic area.
The cultivation of genetically modified crops is profitable especially for companies developing these varieties and for the growers. However it was found that the reduction of the amount of applied herbicides was not achieved as expected. Additionally a negative affect of the active herbicide substances on the environment and human and animal health has been shown. There is a positive impact of the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions due to less frequent entries into the stands. Feeding with GM products also manifested in negative way. There is a very risky possibility of crossing and emergence of resistant weeds, in particular rape and related species as well. The reduction of biodiversity, which is often discussed, was not confirmed in all cases. The changes in the microbial community in the soil have been demonstrated. The coexistence of GM crops with conventional agriculture, and even more ecological agriculture has been shown as problematic.
In accordance with the findings, it is recommended to follow the precautionary principles, to follow the varied crop rotation and to target the production to sustainable agriculture, verified by time and experience.
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Influence of growth stimulators on physiological characteristics by hops plants (""Humulus lupulus"" L.)
Bazika, Václav ; Hnilička, František (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
At growing Saaz variety is the target to reach the highest yield of hop´s cones and high content of alpha acids. The average content of this acids in Saaz variety is in the range from 2,5 to 4,5 %. The growers effort is to reach the higher number of this range because the final selling price is given by content of alpha acids. During the active growth of hops, grower can targeted stimulate the hops to positively affect the physiological processes. Then he can reach better yield of valuable alpha acids and that´s why the target of this diploma thesis was to fix the influence of growth stimulators on physiological processes on the yield of hop´s cones and the yield of alpha acids. And based on the results to identify the suitability of using growth stimulators during the intense hops growing. Following scientific hypothesis were designed: determine the plants reaction diversity on growth stimulator. For reaching the targets and confirm or reject the hypothesis was observed in natural conditions nearby the Chrastany region the plants of Saaz (clone 72) in interaction with the usage of growth stimulators. These stimulators were used: Humastar, Fertileader Vital, Lignoaktivátor. There were four variants: controled with no aplication and three other variants with usage of growth stimulators (for each variant were apllied only one stimulator for three times).
The influence of growth stimulators on hops plants (phase BBCH from 37 to 81) was observed on the basis of the rate of gas exchanges, chlorophyl fluorescence and the leaves chlorophyl content, which were measured by infrared gas analyzer LCpro+ (ADC BioScientific Ltd. Hoddesdon, Great Britain), OS 1-FL (OPTI SCIENCES), Chlorofyl CCM 200 ADC BioScientific Ltd. Hoddesdon, Great Britain) After the crop was evaluated the yield of hop´s cones and the content of alpha acids, beta acids and essentials oils.
The results of measurment indicates that the highest average transpiration rate was observed after Humastar application (+18,3 % against control variant). In the control variant was found the lowest average transpiration rate from all variants. The highest photosynthesis rate was found after Fertileader Vital application (+7 % against control variant). Decrease of photosynthesis rate about 17 % against the control variant was observed after Humastar application. The differences was also observed in chlorophyll fluorescence. The highest Fv/Fm value reached the hop´s plants after Fertileader Vital application, concretely 0,792. On the other hand the lowest Fv/Fm value was observed after Lignoaktivátor application (0,780). After the application of all tested growth stimulators were reached increase of a pigment´s content in hop´s leaves against the control variant. The highest content of pigments were observed after Fertileader Vital application (+19,2 % against control variant). Control variant reached the average content of pigments in hop´s leaves 25,5 chlorophyll units. Differences after the growth stimulation was also observed in yield and quality of dry hop´s cones. The highest yield reached the Lignoaktivátor variant (0,73 t/ha). This is an increase of 17,7 % against the control variant (0,62 t/ha). The yield of hop´s cones was decreased of 8,1 % against the control variant after Humastar application. The similiar trends were also observed in hop´s cones quality. The highest content of alpha acids (3,06 %) was reached after Lignoaktivátor application and at the same time Lignoaktivátor variant also achieved the highest content of essentials oils per 100 g of a sample (0,22 ml). Humastar variant had the lowest content of alpha acids (2,18 %) and also the lowest content of essential oils (0,14 ml).
Based on the results it can be stated that the used growth stimulators had the influence on the physiological characteristics of hop´s plants and also affected the different yield and quality of hop´s cones. Proposed hypothesis were confirmed. Based on the one-year results, application of Fertileader Vital or Lignoaktivátor seems to bee more profitable than Humastar application.
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Information System for Help Desk
Havelka, Ondřej ; Merunka, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The goal of this thesis is to design and implement information system for Help Desk purposes. In the first part there are specifications of theoretical bases, standard procedures and contracts concerning Help Desk operation and also summary of advantages and requirements of such system. Second part contains description of parameters and processes using the BORM method. In the practical part is the implementaion of the designed system on the platform Microsoft Sharepoint 2010. The analytical part contains description of requirements to use this platform and description of functions which are used during the implementation. Final part contains description of the implementation itself. It is based on the parametrs and processes designed in the theoretical part and uses the Sharepoint functions described in the analytical part.
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The influence of selection of maize hybrid on forage quality
Pařízková, Josefína ; Hakl, Josef (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The aim is to assess the impact of choosing hybrid for digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in forage maize in relation to other quality parameters. Recommendations on hybrids based on testing can be economically advantageous for growers. At the beginning of the experiment hypothesis was stated: Selection of maize hybrid for the habitat significantly affects reached digestibility neutral detergent fiber when harvested for silage. Nine different maize hybrids in triplicate were enrolled in the experiment (Dynamite, NK Octet, Rubben, DKC 3507, 3795 DKC, DKC 4014, Susann, 30,311 LG and LG 32.64) for cultivation on an experimental plot in Prague Uhříněves. The evaluated characteristics were, inter alia, revenue and portion of buds. To evaluate the chemical analysis of samples was collected chop of the whole plant from the middle rows of experimental plots. Following parameters were evaluated: content of crude protein, content of neutral detergent fiber, content of digestible neutral detergent fiber, digestible organic matter, starch and solids content. Among the hybrids significant differences were observed in parameters: revenue, portion of buds, protein content, content of neutral detergent, content of digestible neutral detergent fiber, digestible organic matter and starch content. Statistically insignificant difference between hybrids was at the percentage of the dry matter. Selecting the appropriate corn hybrid is therefore one of the most important measures for cultivation. The correct choice is key to improving the quality of forage for optimal production of livestock. Corn is one of the pillars of production of meat and milk. When choosing a suitable hybrid corn, it is necessary to take into account many factors. Each hybrid has certain characteristics and these must be respected, but also used for benefit. Not only to the price of seeds, but also the potential yield and utilization of nutrients is of great importance for the economy of the production.
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Effect of long term fertilization on behalf fraction of nitrogenous substances in fodder alfalfa
Matunová, Jana ; Hakl, Josef (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The representation fraction of crude protein in forage legumes significantly influences nitrogen utilization by ruminants. Similar researches were not previously realized. The aim of this thesis is valorizing of long-term fertilization on vegetation structure and representation fraction of crude protein in forage alfalfa. Experimental measurements were carried out at the Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Ruzyne. The crop of alfalfa was in the context of long-term fertilization experiment established in the spring of 2013. An attempt with a sown variety Moravia is arranged in the scheme of split-plot. Samples were taken only from the first cut in 2015, each of one line of 50 cm in every block. In the experiment are evaluated four contrasting versions of fertilization (unfertilized control crop, growth fertilized by organic, by mineral and by combination both types of fertilizers). Each variant was repeated for three times. This thesis showed that long-term fertilization influences the parameters of the structure stands of alfalfa. We observed a greater proportion of L/m2 in fertilized variants, an also these stems were higher. Additionally, we observed higher profits, which were in correlation with the sinking share of representation leaves in the growth. Analysis showed that the behalf of nitrogenous substances and individual crude protein fractions is not constant, but is changeable during different variants of fertilization. Unfertilized crop contained on the average 221 g/kg dry matter of nitrogenous substances. The highest protein coken were at crops fertilized organically, 248 g/kg. In the control variant was detected on the average of 328 g/kg of fraction A. This fraction was most abundantly represented in growths with mineral fertilizers, 418 g/kg. On the contrary variant fertilized by combination had the lowest contents of fraction A, 307 g/kg. The highest concentration of B1 was found in mineral fertilized crops, 75 g/kg. For nitrogenous fraction B2 was detected the
highest concentration in crop fertilized by combination of mineral and organic fertilizers, 531 g/kg. For nitrogenous fraction B3 was found the highest concentrations in mineral-fertilized growths (NPK). This value is 24 g/kg. By nitrogenous fraction C was found highest concentration in control growth and crop fertilized with mineral, 80 g/kg. On the contrary, in crops fertilized organically was measured lowest value, 67 g/kg. We can conclude from the results, that the best profile fraction of crude protein has variant fertilized with a combined manner.
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Comparison of water bugs fauna in the landscape affected by mining in year 2016
Bubeníková, Jitka ; Vrabec, Vladimír (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
The thesis compares the composition of water bugs fauna in the foreland of Bílina surface mine and the reclaimed area of its waste heaps. The first part provides information about surface coal mining, its impact on the environment and the methods of treatment of thus disturbed land through reclamation and succession. Fauna of water bugs (Heteroptera) is characterized, with focus on water bugs from Nepomorpha and Gerromorpha infraorders.
During 2016, water bugs were collected by a sieve in 15 locations of the reclaimed area of Radovesice waste dump and Pokrok waste dump, and in 16 locations of Bílina foreground. Bugs were killed by 75% alcohol on the site and in dry condition categorised and classified. A list of found species was prepared for individual tanks. In total, 26 taxa were found (21 of them were classified as species), of which 18 taxa (14 species) in the foreground and 17 taxa (14 species) in the area of the waste heaps. In the richest habitats, an occurrence of 7 species at most was detected. The most frequently represented species was Nepa cinerea which was found in 9 locations.
The main objective of the thesis was to confirm/refute the hypothesis: Due to the good dispersion capability of water bugs, the representation of species in the foreland is the same as the species composition in the tanks that were newly established in the reclaimed area. The species similarity of individual locations was compared with each other by Jaccard's environmental index. Often, the value was 0% and only a small number of pairs of the compared locations reached the value of approximately 50% of the Jaccard's index. The highest value of 71.4% was found during comparison of locations Syčivka-Hetov in the area of Radovesice waste dump. Although the same number (14) of species of water bugs was recorded in the foreground and in the reclaimed area of Bílina surface mine, a significant difference was observed in their species composition. The species similarity of the two designated areas was only 33.3%. Based on the results, the hypothesis was refuted.
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