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Soil microorganisms as controllers of methane emission from soils
Elhottová, Dana ; Němcová, Anna ; Chroňáková, Alica ; Šimek, Miloslav
The pilot study on functional microbial groups responsible for methanogenic and methanotrophic processes in soil of specific model ecosystem – the cattle overwintering pasture was given. The enrichment by methanogenic archaea was shown in soils strongly impacted due to cattle pasture. The increased methanogenic abundance was accompanied by increased abundance of methylotrophic bacteria. Nevertheless, the ratio of methylotrophic to methanogenic microorganisms was significantly higher in the control soils without cattle impact in comparison to the cattle-impacted soils.
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Nitrogen and carbon transformation processes in soil in permanent grasslands - research in cattle overwintering area
Šimek, Miloslav ; Hynšt, Jaroslav ; Čuhel, Jiří ; Elhottová, Dana ; Chroňáková, Alica ; Němcová, Anna ; Jirout, Jiří ; Krištůfek, Václav
Agricultural soils represent a significant source of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane). Pasture soils and especially overwintering areas receive large amounts of nutrients as animal excrements. Together with other effects, this creates good conditions for high rates of nitrogen and carbon transformations, and also for substantial losses in the form of gaseous metabolites. This paper informs on research of a specific model ecosystem – the cattle overwintering area. Research is focused either on the structure of soil microbial community and on its activities including the formation of gases in, and their emission from the soil to atmosphere.
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Quantification of key genes in nitrification and denitrification
Chroňáková, Alica ; Čuhel, Jiří ; Radl, V. ; Elhottová, Dana ; Šimek, Miloslav
The objective of the study was to explore the long-term effect of cattle grazing activities on abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying communities on overwintering area. The abundances of studied populations were determined using qPCR method and copy numbers of .i.amoA, nirS,./i. and .i.nirK./i. genes were quantified in spring and fall. High input of cattle urine and excrements with other animal activities had a significant impact on abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, being higher in cattle impacted soils in comparison to control. Our data also showed that abundance of both bacterial communities reflected seasonal changes.
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Potravní zdroje bezobratlých v Ardovské jeskyni a v jeskyni Domica - předběžné výsledky
Nováková, Alena ; Elhottová, Dana ; Krištůfek, Václav ; Lukešová, Alena ; Hill, P. ; Kováč, L. ; Mock, A. ; Luptáčik, P.
The chemistry (organic matter content and pH) of different substrates from the Ardovská and Domica Caves in the Slovak Karst National Park (Slovakia) and the composition of their microbial communities were studied. Differences in organic matter content and microbial communities were found between the substrates from the Domica and Ardovská Caves. A broad spectrum of photoautotrophic microorganisms (algae and cyanobacteria) was found in different cave microhabitats (cave sediment, rotten wood, earthworms casts and isopods faeces), but no algae were detected in the fresh bat droppings and in the intestinal tract of the isopod .i.M. graniger./i.. Microfungi and bacterial colonies play the primary role in transforming bat guano into a food source for saprophagous and microphytophagous invertebrates.
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Změny ve společenstvech půdní mikroflóry a mesofauny během rozkladu listového opadu ve dvou vegetačních zónách - litter bag experiment
Jirout, Jiří ; Petrásek, Jiří ; Čápová, Lenka ; Farská, Jitka ; Jínová, Kristýna ; Rusek, Josef ; Krištůfek, Václav ; Elhottová, Dana ; Starý, Josef ; Nováková, Alena
The hypothesis, whether autochthonous species of soil biota are able to decompose litter from lower vegetation zones in higher zones, was tested by field trial. Litterbags with litter of beech (.i.Fagus sylvatica./i. L.) and/or oak (.i.Quercus robur./i. L.) were exposed in beech and spruce forest on the mountain Kleť (Protected Landscape Area Blanský les). Litterbags layout simulated vegetation zones shift to the higher altitude induced by global warming. There were used litterbags with three different mesh size (42 µm, 0,5 mm, 2 mm) for exclusion of certain parts of edaphon. Several changes of soil bacteria and micromycetes, oribatid mites, springtails and gamasid mites were studied during two years of exposition. There were exposed 480 litterbags at the start of the experiment (November 2002). After 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 months of exposition parts of all litterbags were recovered. Immediately after the sampling litter pH(KCl), moisture and mass loss were measured.
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Potential sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids for saprophagous soil invertebrates
Elhottová, Dana ; Frouz, Jan ; Krištůfek, Václav ; Lukešová, Alena ; Nováková, Alena ; Tříska, Jan
Main sources of important nutritionally compounds - polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) essential in soils animal diet were compared. The highest concentration of PUFA was found in cyanobacteria (namely Antarctic strain Pseudophormidium sp.), followed by fresh litter, algae, fungi and decomposed litter. The PUFA occurrence in bacteria including actinomycetes was rare. Leaf litter is the most important source of PUFA for soil invertebrates in regards to both PUFA concentration and occurrence in soil. The stage of litter decomposition significantly affected the content of all 13 detected PUFA. The total PUFA content decreased significantly during litter decomposition. Enrichment in certain PUFA was observed in the latest stages of litter decomposition, indicating that the soil microflora improves the nutritional value of the decaying ĺitter.
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Quantitative and qualitative changes of phenolic compounds in alder leaf litter
Elhottová, Dana ; Vrchotová, Naděžda ; Tříska, Jan ; Krištůfek, Václav
Quantitative as well as qualitative changes of phenolic compounds were investigated in different decomposition stages (I-IV) of native alder leaf litter. The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied for the determination of total phenolic compounds and the reserved phase HPLC for the determination of the phenolic acids. Both values decreased in dependence on stage of litter decomposition. The reduction of the total phenolic compounds and the phenolic acids was 20% and 50%, respectively, in the most decomposed litter (stage IV) in comparison with fresh litter (stage I, 100%). The ratio of free (simple extracted) and bound phenolic compounds (extracted after acid hydrolysis) in the group of total phenolic compounds and phenolic acids was determined. The characteristic feature of the fresh litter (stage I) was higher amount of the free phenolic acids as well as higher ratio of the free phenolic compounds to the bound ones. The following stage II was characterised by two times higher portion of free to bound total phenolic compounds in contrary to phenolic acids where the bound acids dominat ed over the free ones. Higher level of bound to free compounds in both observed phenolic groups was typical for the most decomposed litter samples (stage III and IV).In addition, the stage III and IV were characterised by new compounds, which were formed in the litter during its decomposition and were not detectable in the previous stages (I,II).
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