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Precontractual liability in obligations with an international element
Černá, Kristýna ; Bříza, Petr (advisor) ; Brodec, Jan (referee)
Precontractual liability in obligations with an international element Abstract The thesis deals with the issue of precontractual liability in contractual relations with an international element. The focus is mainly on an analysis of the approach of selected foreign legal systems, namely Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Ukraine, but also on unification efforts aimed at bridging the differences between the individual national regulations. Precontractual liability is a very complex legal institution. While Czech law is relatively detailed in this respect and no major problems arise, the application of culpa in contrahendo in international trade practice still raises more questions than answers. The application of the concept in the international environment is problematic mainly due to the different conceptions of culpa in contrahendo in individual countries. Most striking is the difference between the approach taken by continental and common-law legal systems, respectively. Common law, which does not recognize precontractual liability as a legal institution at all, works with the doctrine of promissory estoppel, which in some situations is able to replace the missing institution of culpa in contrahendo. Of course, the conflict-of-laws rules on precontractual liability also differ,...
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Obligations involving an international element with a focus on consumer contracts
Zubík, Ondřej ; Bříza, Petr (advisor) ; Pauknerová, Monika (referee)
Obligations involving an international element Abstract This thesis deals with a narrow section of contractual obligations involving an international element, namely consumer contracts, which are characterized mainly by the parties to the contract (consumer and entrepreneur). Consumer protection also intervenes in private international law, with the Rome I regulation and Brussels I bis regulations being the main legal norms for consumer protection. In this work, I am mainly based on these regulations and also on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which bindingly interprets the provisions resulting from these regulations. This work answers questions: (i) Which contracts are covered by the protection provided for in Article 6 of the Rome I regulation and the section 4 of the Brussels I bis regulation and how does this protection manifest itself? (ii) How is the situation resolved in case of a change of a domicile or an unknown domicile of the consumer after the conclusion of the contract and (iii) what criteria are decisive when assessing the targeting activity of the entrepreneur on the Member State in which the consumer has habitual residence or domicile? The work is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, I define basic terms: the obligation, the international element and...
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International commercial arbitration
Javořík, Dominik ; Bříza, Petr (advisor) ; Brodec, Jan (referee)
1 International commercial arbitration Abstract The aim of this paper was to analyse the concepts of "arbitrability" and "kompetenz- kompetenz" as institutes of arbitration. For a better and deeper understanding of the essence of these concepts, both foreign and domestic regulations were deliberately compared. Although in many respects these concepts are interpreted in a similar manner across a wide range of jurisdictions, differences can be found, the source of which will have to be discovered in the first instance within traditions, legal culture, and sometimes religion or political regime. It is not in the power of even such greats as Born or Fouchard to present the entire issue to the reader in full, simply because of the fact that these terms are used almost universally and in many ways will be variable in place and time. In the first part, I dealt with the concept of international commercial arbitration itself, to which was linked a passage on sources of law. The purpose was to brief the reader on the most important sources at the international level, which are key guides for the regulation of arbitrability and the doctrine of competence-competence. I still find important the fact that many countries have claimed an exception that creates the possibility for them for an incomplete application of the...
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International contract of sale: Obligations of the seller
Horák, Martin ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Bříza, Petr (referee)
The thesis deals with the regulation of the seller's obligations in the Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The Vienna Convention was adopted by the United Nations in 1980 and has since been ratified by 95 countries from around the world. It contains a unified substantive regulation of an international sales contract, which is the basic contractual type of international trade. With its content and popularity, the Vienna Convention represents the most important unification act in the field of international trade. The thesis aims to describe and analyse the regulation of the seller's obligations, which forms the central part of the Vienna Convention. The basic principle of the Vienna Convention is uniform interpretation, which ensures that it will be applied in the same way by courts and arbitral tribunals around the world. The thesis focuses on the identification of this unified regime and does so by analysing and comparing Czech and foreign literature and case law. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first chapter deals with the general characteristics of the Vienna Convention. The historical genesis of the Vienna Convention and the unification of international trade law are analysed. Furthermore, the substantive regulation and its relationship to the...
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Rules of conflict of laws applicable to contractual obligations in the USA
Němečková, Pavla ; Bříza, Petr (advisor) ; Zavadilová, Marta (referee)
Conflict of laws in contracts in the USA Abstract This thesis is focused on Conflict of Laws in the area of contractual relationship in the United States of America. Selected issues are being compared with law of the European Union. The First Chapter elaborates on the specific issues in Conflict of Laws, which are typical for the USA. These are mainly caused by the fact that within the USA, two separate legal systems operate on different levels - state and federal law. These specific issues also include the so- called idea of law-market or forum-shopping. Then I briefly summarize the history of American Conflict of Laws and describe the approaches that bear importance for the development of Conflict of Laws. The Second Chapter is focused on party autonomy in choice of law, its permissibility and limitations. Having used recent case law, I outline the approach to autonomous choice of law in certain types of contracts. The end of Chapter Two is about autonomous choice of law under the Uniform Commercial Code, which harmonizes the area of commercial law and which has been accepted in all American states. The Third Chapter deals with the absence of choice of law and finding the applicable law. I described the most widely used method under the Second Restatement, then the method under First Restatement and also...
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New technologies and private international law
Nekvasilová, Adéla ; Bříza, Petr (advisor) ; Pauknerová, Monika (referee)
New technologies and private international law Abstract This thesis aims to explore the impact of new technologies on the field of private international law. In particular, it analyses the different legal areas that have been affected by digitalization and the challenges that arise as a result of this process in terms of how to regulate the issue from a legal perspective. The aim of the thesis is to analyse the existing legal framework with a focus on EU legislation and to assess its application to legal actions arising in the digital environment. The thesis also deals with the legal regulation of international trade and distributed ledger technology (blockchain) and its aspects in relation to private international law. Last but not least, the thesis analyses the development of the case law of the CJEU on the issue. The thesis discusses the principles of personality and territoriality in relation to the online environment and different perspectives on the grasp of this principle and the possibilities to locate legal actions on the Internet. The reader will be introduced to the case law of the CJEU, which over the years has dealt with the interpretation of each of the key institutes and their relevance in the online environment. However, the work also includes various divergent views of experts and theorists...
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International contract of sale
Matějka, Tomáš ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Bříza, Petr (referee)
International Contract of Sale Abstract The international contract of sale is the basic instrument through which international trade takes place. However, due to its international nature, there is a lot of uncertainty associated with concluding and fulfilling obligations under an international contract of sale. This uncertainty may arise particularly from the fact that the parties to an international contract of sale do not know which law is to govern the agreement and which law will therefore be applicable to it. This thesis deals with the issues of the applicable law of the international contract of sale. Firstly, attention is paid to the general methods according to which the applicable law for the international contract of sale is determined. These are the collision method and the direct method. Subsequently, the sources of law that are important in terms of these methods in the environment of the Czech Republic are analyzed. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the collision legislation contained in the Rome I Regulation, which is the most important source of law that regulates this issue within the European Union. Relevant international conventions concluded between the Czech Republic and some third countries as well as the Private International Law Act are also analyzed. From the sources of law,...
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Current issues of international carriage by air
Kalašnikovová, Anna ; Pauknerová, Monika (advisor) ; Bříza, Petr (referee)
1 Current issues of international carriage by air Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is Current issues of international carriage by air. Certainly, many interesting legal topics could be found within this theme, however the author chose to focus specifically on the concrete issue of air carrier liability for passenger injuries pursuant to Article 17 of Warsaw Convention and Article 17 (1) of the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter presents the legal framework for the regulation of international private aviation law. The individual legal sources of the Warsaw System and the Montreal Convention, their scope and relations between these sources and the law of the European Union are presented. The second chapter deals in general with the liability of the air carrier under the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions. It defines the types of air carrier's liability covered by these conventions, the limits of air carrier's liability and the procedural aspects of the recovery of claims under the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions. In the third chapter, the author writes about the air carrier's liability for passenger injuries under the Warsaw and Montreal Convention, with a focus on defining the key terms...
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Substantive law applicable to arbitration clause and other rights in international commercial arbitration
Liška, Dominik ; Bříza, Petr (advisor) ; Růžička, Květoslav (referee)
Law Governing the Arbitration Agreement and Other Laws in International Commercial Arbitration Abstract The thesis aspires to create a structured overview of the four legal systems that are applicable in the international commercial arbitration. Namely (i) the substantive law of the contract - lex contractus; (ii) the "procedural" law of the arbitration agreement - lex arbitri; (iii) procedural rules agreed between the parties either ad hoc or by reference to institutional arbitration rules; and (iv) the substantive law of the arbitration agreement also called the law governing the arbitration agreement. In pursuing its aims, the thesis focuses on interaction between each of these legal systems as well as on the questions, that has not yet been settled. Each chapter further analyses different approaches to determine applicable law in the absence of a choice made by the parties. Such an analysis is important to properly understand the methods used in determining the law governing the arbitration agreement, because they are interconnected. On the basis of the overview presented in first chapters, the thesis focuses on detailed inquiry of the law governing the arbitration agreement, whose scope and applicable choice of law is still a matter of discussion. Therefore, the fifth chapter plays a central role in...
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Enforcement and Recognition of Foreign Arbitral Awards
Větrovská, Karolína ; Bříza, Petr (advisor) ; Zavadilová, Marta (referee)
Enforcement and Recognition of Foreign Arbitral Awards Abstract This thesis focuses on the issue of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. The aim of the thesis is in particular the analysis of sources of law related to the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards and the related issue of denial of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, in particular the NY Convention and the Private International Law Act. The author of the thesis uses mainly the comparative method and the descriptive method in order to achieve her objective. The thesis is divided into five chapters. In the introduction, the author of the thesis introduces the reader to the issues, methodology and systematics of this thesis. Within the next chapter, the author of the thesis introduces the reader to the terminology of arbitration, introduces the concepts of arbitration and the basic attributes of arbitration. Subsequently, the author of the thesis describes the institutes of recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, explains the different approaches of different sources of law, as well as the approaches of some states. The conclusion of the thesis provides the reader with answers to the research questions. The research questions, i.e. "is the domestic approach to the recognition...
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