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Communities of millipedes (.i.Diplopoda./i.) and centipedes (.i.Chilopoda./i.) in changing conditions of montane spruce forests of the Šumava Mountains
Tajovský, Karel
In the nineties of the past century, large climax Norway spruce (.i.Picea abies./i.) areas of the Šumava Mountains were damaged by the bark beetle outbreak. The subsequent decay of spruce growths become the object of interest for management practice, nature protection as well as research activities. While the changes in forest growths under the bark beetle outbreak were well visible, there were no information about the impact of these processes and subsequent management practices used (clear cutting, spontaneous development of dead growths) on soil environments and existing communities of soil organisms. Within the soil zoological research in 1999-2010 near the localities Březník and Studená hora Mt., qualitative and quantitative parameters of millipede and centipede assemblages were studied in undamaged, damaged and dead forest stands, and in differently old clearings. Combination of methods of pitfall trapping and soil sampling served data about the composition and changes of communities of both invertebrate groups.
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Long-term impact of forestry management on soil mesofauna (Oribatida, Collembola) biodiversity in spruce forests in the Šumava National Park
Farská, Jitka ; Jínová, Kristýna
The aim of our research is to compare Oribatid and Collembolan communities in climax spruce forest and spruce plantations. Soil samples were collected in five study sites in the Šumava National Park (5 in climax spruce forest and 5 in spruce plantation) and soil microarthropods were extracted. Oribatida and Collembola were determined to species level. Preliminary results show quantitative and qualitative changes in the community structure. Some euedaphic species do not occur in the samples from spruce plantations in comparison to the climax forests. Silvicultural practices are well known to affect microarthropod communities that are very sensitive to fluctuations in soil humidity and temperature.
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Impact of intensive trampling on soil animals in the Boubín National Natural Reserve, Czech Republic
Rusek, Josef
The impact of intensive tourist activity (trampling) on the soil fauna diversity in the Boubín National Natural Reserve (Czech Republic) was investigated. Quantitative soil samples were collected in the climax spruce forest 200 m north of the scenic observatory on the top of the Boubín Mt. (Loc. No. 1), than on a highly frequented (Loc. No. 2) and less frequented walkways (Loc. No. 3), and on a 1,5 year no more used one (Loc. No. 4). Collembola, Protura, Diplura, and Symphyla species were used as bioindicators of the trampling impact. Highest density and species number of the mentioned soil animal groups was established on the Loc. No. 1 (353100 specimens.m.sup.-2./sup. and 34 species of Collembola, 5300 specimens.m.sup.-2./sup. and 1 species of Protura, 200 specimens.m.sup.-2./sup. and 1 species of Diplura, 5600 specimens.m.sup.-2./sup. and 2 species of Symphyla).
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Millipede (Diplopoda) and centipede (Chilopoda) faunas in the spruce forests of the Bohemian Forest affected by bark beetle outbreak
Tajovský, Karel
Zoological research in the spruce forests of the Bohemian Forest affected since the nineties of the past century by bark beetle outbreak showed that the climax spruce growths are characterised by specific species composition of millipedes and centipedes. Clear cuttings expressed a decrease of their densities. Dead forests without any management showed increase of millipede populations; centipede numbers decreased but no changes in their species spectrum was observed. Spontaneous succession of dead forest growths represents more considerate variant of management towards the specific soil conditions.
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Vliv kůrovcové kalamity na společenstva epigeických Collembola (Insecta: Entognatha) klimaxových smrčin v Národním parku Šumava, Česká republika
Rusek, Josef ; Brůhová, Jindřiška
Soil surface activity of epigeic communities of Collembola were studied in undamaged climax spruce forests, in dead spruce forests after bark beetle attack and in clearings in the Šumava National Park, South Bohemia, Czech Republic. Five pitfall traps were exposed at each of the nine study sites. They were exposed for 12 months during summer, fall and winter periods from 1999 to 2000. More than 149 000 specimens of Collembola belonging to 54 species were trapped, determined and evaluated. The highest epigeic activity of Collembola was in the summer period in the undamaged spruce forests (624.2 ind./trap/30 days), lower in the dead forests (604.1 ind./trap/30 days) and lowest in the clearings (549.8 ind./trap/30 days). The undamaged spruce forests had 19, whereas dead forests only 14 and clearings 17 characteristic species with constancy C > 49 %.
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Povrchová aktivita osmi běžných druhů chvostoskoků ve smrkových lesích a na pasekách po kůrovcové kalamitě v Národním parku Šumava, Česká republika
Brůhová, Jindřiška ; Rusek, Josef
Surface activity of eight common epigeic species of Collembola were studied in spruce forests, dead spruce forests and clearings in the Šumava National Park, South Bohemia, Czech Republic: .i.Lepidocyrtus lignorum, Leidocyrus cyaneus, Pogonognathellus longicornis, Tomocerus minutus, Tetracanthella stachi, Allacma fusca, Entomobrya nivalis, Dicyrtomina minuta./i.. Five pitfall traps were exposed at each of the 9 sites in the summer and autumn periods to study the impact of spruce forest die-off after bark beetle attack (dead forests) and on clearings. Material comprising 79435 specimens was evaluated in this study using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing Collembola activity between the sites and seasons. Complete linkage (Euclidean distances) cluster analysis was used for comparing the collembolan activity in all nine sites.
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Earthworm communities in spruce forest soils - effects of some natural and anthropogenic factors
Pižl, Václav
Earthworm fauna was analysed and compared in 22 natural and man-made spruce forests located in seven regions of the Czech Republic. 14 species of earthworms were identified; among which acidotolerant epigeic species Dendrobaena octaedra, D. illyrica, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Dendrobaena vejdovskyi and Lumbricus rubellus were most frequently recorded. Poor earthworm communities (1-4 species, density 1,2 - 38,4 ind.m-2) inhabited majority of sites. Nevertheless, strong differences occured in their species composition reflecting both the geographical position of sites and the origin of individual forests. Higher density and/or per-site number, of species were always connected with the presence of specific habitats such as water sources, brooks, wood or bark heaps, etc. Earthworm faunas in damaged mountain spruce forests tended to be more abundant than in undamaged forests and to have higher number of species. Denser earthworm populations developed at sites where dead trees were left than at clear-cut ones.
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Fauna of soil nematodes and other soil micro-mesofauna in spruce clearings in the Šumava Mts., Czech Republic
Háněl, Ladislav
Soil micro- and mesofauna was studied in four spruce clearings in the Šumava Mts., covered by vegetation of Junco effusi-Calamagrostietum villosae. The total average abundance of nematodes varied from 1527 to 3864 x 10 3 ind.m-2 in individual localities (mean value 2833 x 10 3 ind.m-2). Root-fungal feeders were the most abundant nematodes mainly represented by Aglenchus agricola (about 50% of all nematodes) and by Filenchus spp. (5%, mostly F. misellus). The second most abundant trophic group were bacterivores (29%,mostly Acrobeloides nanus and Plectus spp.) followed by omnivores (6%, mostly Eudorylaimus spp.). The number of nematode species in individual localities varied from 51 to 57, the number of genera from 29 to 33. Generic heterogeneity of spruce clearing fauna was relatively low (mean H´gen = 1,92), as well as the value of maturity indices (SMI = 2,19, MI = 2,40, PPI = 2,01. (The mean abundance of enchytraeids in the set of localities studied was 55 x 10 3 ind.m-2, of rotifers 134 x 10 3 ind.m-2, of tardigrades 125 x 10 3 ind.m-2, and of copepods 5 x 10 3 ind.m-2.
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Comparison of soil nematode communities in spruce forests of the Žofín woodland area (Novohradské hory Mts.) and the upper Vydra river basin (Šumava Mts.), Czech Republic
Háněl, Ladislav
Soil nematodes were studied in two spruce forests at the Žofín National Nature Reserve and in three spruce forests of the upper Vydra river basin, National Park Šumava, in South Bohemia. The total mean abundance of nematodes in the spruce forests ranged from 863 to 4877x10 3 ind.m-2 with variation from 231 to 6947x10 3 ind.m-2 on individual sampling dates. The most abundant nematode genera were root-fungal feeding Filenchus (48,3% of all nematode individuals in the spruce forests studied), bacterivorous Plectus (11,2%), and omnivorous Eudorylaimus (8,5%). The lowest abundance but the greatest variety of nematodes was found in a waterlogged spruce forests at the Žofín Reserve whereas the greatest abundance of nematodes occurred in the spruce forests of the Vydra river basin. The nematode fauna in the two regions compared showed particular differences, especially in the groups of bacterivorous, plant parasitic and predatory species.
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