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Hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult brain and its changes in neuropsychiatric diseases
Brukhnová, Alena ; Kubová, Hana (advisor) ; Červená, Kateřina (referee)
The aim of my thesis is to summarize the information about neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the adult brain. I examine the process of maturation, migration of immature neurons and functional significance of neurogenesis in the area. In the adult brain it is very important for proper spatial perception and learning. In the next chapter I focus on some significant neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease or depression. During each of them leads to diverse changes and bnormalities in neurogenesis in hippocampal area. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Incidence and role of the purinergic P2X7 receptor in the immune system
Piskačová, Kateřina ; Zemková, Hana (advisor) ; Červená, Kateřina (referee)
It has been shown recently that extracellular ATP and its metabolite adenosine are key mediators in the immune system. Depending on the concentration, ATP may act as an activator or an inhibitor to the immune response, whereas adenosine is generally well known as a specific immunosupressor. Signals delivered by extracellular ATP and adenosine are detected and transduced by purinergic P2- and P1- receptors, respectively. In principle, all cells of the immune system express P2X, P2Y and adenosine P1 receptors on their plasmatic membrane. Therefore, the purinergic signaling extends to all components of the immune and inflammatory responses, including neurodegenerative diseases. This knowledge triggered a wave of interest in research, development and synthesis of new compounds having effect on P1- and P2- receptors that could help in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. This bachelor thesis will summarize the most recent knowledge on the role of the P2X7 receptor in these processes. This subtype of P2-receptor is unique because it is involved in the release of cytokines from immune cells and plays a role in the cell growth and apoptosis.
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Role of glutamatergic transmission in mechanisms of addiction to morphine.
Moutelíková, Karolína ; Hejnová, Lucie (advisor) ; Červená, Kateřina (referee)
Drugs are used by mankind since ancient times. One group of these substances are opioids. Opioids have antinociceptive effects and can induce euphoria and relaxation as well. A chronic usage of opioids can lead to a development of drug addiction and phenomens like tolerance and sensitization. One of the most used opioids in medicine is morphine. Morphine is isolated from opium of poppy (Papaver somniferum). Direct effect of morphine is mediated via activation of μ- opioid receptors and their signal cascade. It was implicated that the usage of morphine affects other neurotransmmiter systems in the brain and these neurotransmmiter systems play a signifikant role in the development of addiction and other phenomena. One of these systems is an important excitatory brain system - glutamergic system. This bacherol thesis focuses on interrelationship between opioid and glutamatergic systems during addiction.There were described changes in a composition of glutame ionotropic receptors and changes in their expression as well as in expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors. These changes differ in various parts of the brain and in diverse stages of addiction on morphine too. In spite of all diferences, the results of studies indicate that glutamatergic receptors play a significant role in the development...
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Cirkadiánní systém a neuropsychiatrická onemocnění
Šuchmanová, Karolína ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Červená, Kateřina (referee)
Neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders are an important issue, affecting a great part of our population. Recently, awareness of sleep disturbances and circadian rhythm dysfunctions accompanying these diseases is growing. Although the cause of circadian clock malfunctions in neuropsychiatric disorders remains to be elucidated, they have a destructive impact on quality of life of both patients and their caregivers. Thanks to our knowledge on molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock and novel techniques, it becomes possible to study the state of the central pacemaker, as well as its' output rhythms. This thesis provides a summary of data suggesting an important role of circadian system malfunctions in patients suffering from neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. In some cases, these data also suggest new therapeutic approaches, which could in the future help to ameliorate the patients' quality of life, by improving the functioning of their circadian system. Key words: neuropsychiatric disease, circadian system, human, melatonin, clock gene
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Role of microRNA in regulations of circadian rhythms and tumorigenesis
Balounová, Kateřina ; Pácha, Jiří (advisor) ; Červená, Kateřina (referee)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22nt long single-strand RNA found in all groups of organisms, where they affect biochemical, physiological and behavioral pathways by regulation of protein expression. Regulation of protein expression is mediated by silencing mRNA of target genes in one of two processes, translation repression or degradation of mRNA. Changed expression of miRNA can lead to aberrant regulatory pathways resulting in various pathophysiological conditions like cardiovascular diseases, cancer or neurological disorders. MiRNA can play a role in cancer both as an oncogen or as a tumor suppressor, and it is tissue and cancer-type specific. In colorectal cancer miRNAs downregulate or upregulate signaling pathways including key processes involved in cancer development, like proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and metastasis formation. Circadian clock in mammals synchronizes cellular and physiological processes by transcriptional-translational feedback loops. Not only miRNAs regulate the levels of key clock genes and clock controlled genes, but also a number of miRNAs exhibit circadian expression. Therefore aberrant circadian rhythms increase risk of colorectal cancer also by altered expression of miRNAs. The main aim of the thesis was to identify miRNAs, which regulate both tumorigenesis and circadian...
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Expression of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat
Červená, Kateřina ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Zemková, Hana (referee)
The main mammalian circadian pacemaker stored in suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) is adapted to changes in the external environement by synchronization of its endogenous period with periodic changes of light and dark during day and night. The information about light travels via glutamatergic retinohypothalamic tract to the ventrolateral part of the SCN. Activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in this area provably mediates the transfer of information about light on the transcriptional mechanism of light-sensitive cells. The role of the NMDA type of ionotropic glutamate receptors is well studied in this field and it is known that some NMDA receptor subunits show a circadian rhythm and an increased expression after a light pulse. Signalization via AMPA type receptors is much less elucidated. The aim of this thesis was to determine which AMPA receptor subunits are expressed in the SCN of the rat and if these subunits show a daily rhythm of expression and a reactivity to light pulse, as well as to outline the possible roles of distinct AMPA receptor subunits in the SCN. Keywords: circadian rhythms, suprachiasmatic nuclei, glutamate receptors, AMPA
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Cellular signaling pathways engaged in the entrainment of mammalian biological clock
Červená, Kateřina ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Svobodová, Irena (referee)
The mammalian biological clock is based on endogenous rhythmic oscillations of the so-called clock genes which affects the timing of the external manifestations, such as rhythmic alternations of sleep and activity. This endogenous mechanism, of which the innate period slightly deviates from the solar time, can be adjusted by various external synchronizers to the exact 24 hour period. This thesis is focused on the influence of the most prominent synchronizer, the sunlight, on the molecular basis of changes in the dynamics of internal mechanism of the oscillations in the main mammalian circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. There are numerous studies which have demonstrated the effect of various cellular signaling pathways on changes of circadian rhythms. The most common methods of assessing the oscillation phase changes, however, measure changes in output rhythms that may not always reflect the changes in the molecular mechanism itself. The aim is to evaluate which components of signaling pathways have provably shown to affect the dynamics of the rhythmic expression of clock genes.
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Hippotherapy as a supporting therapy in patients with stroke
ČERVENÁ, Kateřina
This bachelor thesis deals with hippotherapy as supportive therapy of patients with stroke. Our starting platform is from the practical experience of therapists hippotherapy's centers Pirouette and available literature. The work is traditionally divided into theoretical and practical. The theoretical part provides an overview of current knowledge and is divided into two chapters, which dealing with the issue of stroke and hippotherapy. There are explained basic concepts necessary for insight into the problems of work. As part of subchapter about of stroke describing its dividing, the causes, consequences, and treatment. In hippotherapy I deal with the principles of hippotherapy effect and its impact to humans, both physically and mentally. In the research part describes the objectives of the work and the research itself. For the purposes of work I chose the design of qualitative research - a case study, which was carried out on three probands after a stroke. The probands were selected from the "Centre of hippotherapy Pirouette" Havlíčkův Brod, where it was from the end of September 2014 to mind January 2015 performed a practical application of hippotherapy under the expert guidance of a certified therapist. Data collection was conducted three complex processing of case studies using the technique of observation (kinesiology analysis of motor skills), secondary data analysis and interview with probands. The aim of this thesis is to map the effect of hippotherapy for patients with stroke and the develop specific hippotherapy's procedures in these patients. The purpose why the work was created, is an effort to improve awareness about hippotherapy as supporting methods for patients after stroke and objectification many years of practical experience hippotherapy's center "Pirouette". The outputs of this work can also be further utilized as educational material for students of physiotherapy and hipoterapeuty alone or as a basis for further research in this area.
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