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Theory of interventions and the concept of minimal intervention
Cvrček, Václav ; Sgall, Petr (advisor) ; Čermák, František (referee) ; Kořenský, Jan (referee)
Theory of Interventions Theory of Interventions was elaborated as a general methodological and sociolinguistic theory describing 1) influences which can change the language development (types of intervention, their effect and their classification) and 2) the possible ways how to design relationship between linguists, speakers and language. According to this theory, language is an object which is exposed to interventions (metaphor of an Brownian motion from physics, p. 19). Among other possible divisions, interventions can be of two types: individual and institutionalized (p. 18). Individual interventions include processes of (self-)censorship, proofreading or language management in media. These interventions create a spontaneous order, they are plural and variable. Therefore they mutually interfere and their impact is very small or none (they almost never influence the immanent evolution of language). On the other hand, institutionalized interventions include processes leading to standardization of language, language education or language politics. Impact of institutionalized interventions can influence development of language, because they are monopoly and because of their authority.
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Comparative aspects of Czech and Ukrainian proverbs
Portechko, Galyna ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Holub, Jan (referee)
This graduation work is dedicated to the problems of Slavonic paremiology on the base of comparative analysis of the Ukrainian and Czech proverbs. In my work I inaugurate theoretical, paremiological, comparative and gender questions of the selected sphere of proverbs. My work sconcetrates on female's proverbs. The basic aim of this graduation work is to determine paremiological minimums in both language areas, to analyze the structure of proverbs and to compare gender stereotypes.
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The use of Czech and Russian prepositions according to parallel corpus
Nadykta, Nadzeya ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Loikova-Nasenko, Tatiana (referee)
This diploma thesis is devoted to description of Czech and Russian system of prepositions. It presents a general account of formal, functiona1 and semantic aspects of Czech and Russian prepositions and considers the use and distribution of them based on paral1el corpora data (70000 aligned sentences). Its source contains 107 single-word prepositions and 433 multi-word ones in Czech and 105 single-word prepositions and 222 multi-word ones in Russian. These prepositions are excerped from the parallel corpora, their concordantions are quantied and analysed in detail. Proposal of review of corespondence of Czech and Russian prepositions conceived as a set of the most frequent collocations of the original preposition and as an account of equivalence i1ustrated by model examples of conversive and multi-word prepositions is outlined upon achieved results. The whole list is equipped with semantic and valency tags.
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Generalization and specification of lexical meaning in contemporary translation of fiction
Kubáčková, Jana ; Jettmarová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Čermák, František (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to discuss the notions of generalization and specification as universal trends in translation and potential candidates for the status of universals of translation. Methods used in empirical research are also discussed in some detail. Chapters 1 and 2 focus on generalization and specification in the context of Descriptive Translation Studies, Corpus-Based Translation Studies and the work of the translation scholar Jiří Levý. Chapter 2 further attempts to present a comprehensive picture of both potential universals by examining the notion of lexical meaning and the issue of synonymy in the context of lexicology and stylistics. Finally, it draws attention to typological (systemic) differences between Czech and English and the impact these differences have on shifts of lexical meaning in terms of generalization/specification and on the use of electronic corpora. Chapter 3 outlines the three following stages of empirical research in terms of materials and methods. It presents a description of the three sets of corpora (a large monolingual comparable corpus, a parallel unidirectional English-Czech corpus, and a parallel corpus of one original and two translations), the choice of texts, reference corpora and corpus-processing software tools. Texts analysed in the three types of corpora...
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Aspects of the Slavic verb "to have" - in grammar. Its auxiliation and the grammaticalization of the European analytic perfect type structures "have" + ppp - Bulgarian, Macedonian, and a corpus based study of Czech
Marvanová, Mira ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Damborský, Jiří (referee) ; Petkevič, Vladimír (referee)
The verb "to have" is one of significant elements of the ELA (European Linguistic Area). It belongs to the first stage of europeisms, yet it is not part of the IE heritage and its origin is different in the majority of European languages. Another phenomenon of later date which can be considered a europeism of structural type is the emergence and the development of the analytical perfect habere-tenses or constructions of this type in most of the European so-called haberelanguages, including Slavie. We obviously deal here with an expanding process, the original epicenter of which was Vulgar Latin - with some participation of Greek - in the conditions of centuries-long mutual bilingualism. The subsequent process of diffusion and induction developed several euro-zones out which Slavic represents the two last ones. The process of the europeanization, i.e. its spread ("euro-diffusion") from this epicenter to the European Linguistic Area (ELA), took place firstly in Romance, later in Germanic reaching eventually Slavie through two channels at the threshold of the 20th century. ln the South, this process became one ofthe components ofthe Balkan linguistic integration. It proved to be the most intense in Macedonian as well as in some South Bulgarian dialects which were in direct contact with non-Slavic languages of...
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The present state in declension of Czech nouns belonging to types kámen, břímě
Šimandl, Josef ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Kučera, Karel (referee) ; Rusínová, Lenka (referee)
There are two groups of noun in Czech - the type kámen 'stone' among inanimate masculine nouns, and the type břemeno/břímě 'burden' among neuters - that vary between the "hard" and "soft" declension. The kernel of both groups was n-stems in Old Slavonic. Their ancient endings are reflected as soft endings in present-day Czech. During the development, former n-stems acquired also hard endings, for the plural commonly, for the singular to a various extent. Acquiring newer endings was reflected in language handbooks; however, long-term processes were sometimes overestimated and a development was anticipated that in fact still did not happen. The thesis submitted tries to describe the state of form variation according to approachable data about the present usage. The data source was the representative corpus of present-day Czech SYN2000, as a supplementary source other corpora (incl. user-defined subcorpus SYNod2000), and the Internet. Findings from the diachronic corpus DIAKORP, supplemented by electronic excerpts from further diachronic texts, partly illuminate the development of the variation observed, as well as electronic excerpts from Kralice Bible (1613). ...
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Verbal phrasems with the verb "to be"
Čadková, Agata ; Holub, Jan (referee) ; Čermák, František (advisor)
Cílem této práce je zjištění textových funkcí verbálních frazémů se slovesem pohybu jít a chodit. Vybrané frazémy pochází ze Slovníku české frazeologie a idiomatiky (SČFI) a jejich užití je sledováno v korpusu českém (SYN2000). Výsledky jsou porovnané s informacemi ve slovníku. Součástí práce je přesnější vymezení sloves pohybu. Práce je rozdělená do šesti kapitol. Na začátku jsou vysvětlené základní pojmy frazeologie s upřesněním místa verbálních frazémů v rámci této disciplíny. V kapitole III následuje strukturní klasifikace nalezených frazémů. IV kapitola upřesňuje užití frazémů v textu a ukazuje shody a rozdíly v gramatické informaci mezi slovníkem a korpusem. Kapitola V se zabývá sémantikou a funkcí sledovaných idiomů. Příloha obsahuje abecední a frekvenční seznam frazémů a tabulku zahrnující souhrnné informace o sledovaných frazémech.
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Czech - Chinese animal phraseology
Lin, Hsueh-Chi ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Sehnal, David (referee)
Čeština a čínština jsou jazyky odlišné nejenom z hlediska typologického, ale i z hlediska genealogického. Frazeologie a idiomatika (IF) je mnohostranná jazyková disciplína zabývající se studiem jazykových jednotek různého typu a více úrovní. Srovnání IF v obou odlišných jazycích by mohlo ukázat jazykové univerzálie a specifičnosti na více úrovních. Cílem této diplomové práce je na pozadí komplexního popisu frazémů a idiomů v dané animální oblasti zjistit charakteristické shody a rozdíly obou srovnávaných jazyků. Vzhledem k tomu, že čeština, přesněji české frazémy a idiomy, je hlavním východiskem našeho zkoumání, při srovnání vycházíme z českých kritérií (forma-funkce-sémantika) dané oblasti, ale zároveň se snažíme nepřehlédnout specifika čínských aspektů. Budeme zaměřovat pozornost na otázky, kterými se dřívější práce zabývat nemohly nebo na problematiky, které nebyly zdůrazněny. Důležitými prostředky budou Český národní korpus a dostupné čínské korpusy.
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Czech-Italian animal phraseology
Baldessari, Adriano ; Špaček, Jiří (referee) ; Čermák, František (advisor)
V této diplomové práci jsem se pokusilo zmapování oblasti animální frazeologie v češtině a v italštině. Analyzoval jsem 895 českých hesel ze SČFI 2, ze kterých jsem našel v SYN 2000 533 frazémů. V italských slovnících jsem našel 395 hesel, ze kterých bylo nalezeno v CORIS 328 frazémů; přidal jsem ještě 22 náhodně mnou nalezených frazémů. Povedlo se mi nalézt italský ekvivalent pro 109 českých idiomů. Tento rozbor poukázal na tyto skutečnosti: 1. Animální frazeologie je velmi rozmanitá, má velký počet sémantických okruhů, který já jsem však redukoval a došel k závěru, že převážně se vztahují k člověku. 2. Česká frazeologie má bohatší materiál, ale nemyslím si, že italština je chudší jazyk. Nižší počet frazémů je dán tím, že se italština bohužel netěší takovému kompletnímu materiálu jako čeština. Proto jsem přesvědčen, že by se měla italská frazeologie či idiomatika více prohloubit jako samostatná nauka. 3. Práce s korpusy pomohla zjistit frekvenci frazémů a jejich možnosti realizace v textu; velkou výhodou jazykových korpusu je tO,že představují aktuální zdroje. Vzhledem k tomu, že se týkají především spisovného jazyka, nemůžou bohužel vždy ilustrovat jevy, které se vyskytují v mluveném jazyku. 4. Práce poukazuje na existenci variant a transformaci frazémů. 5. Práce poukazuje, že i dva odlišné jazyky, jako...
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The ongoing changes in the category of identification in contemporary standard and non-standard Czech
Dobiáš, Daniel ; Zikánová, Šárka (referee) ; Čermák, František (advisor)
While the category of in/definiteness in Czech and other Slavonic languages (except Bulgarian and Macedonian, cf. Corbett - Comrie, 2002) is not expressed by articles, the present paper is concerned with the observation that in contemporary spoken nonstandard Czech a) the demonstrative pronoun ten is developing functions of a definite article, and b) the indefinite pronoun nějaký is developing functions of an indefinite article (alongside with the numeral jeden). On the basis of quantitative analysis, I will demonstrate that this development is ongoing predominantly in spoken non-standard Czech, in which speakers mark identification even if it is obvious from other means (e.g. functional sentence perspective), whereas in standard Czech this tendency is still avoided. Methodologically this paper starts from grammaticalisation theory, according to which frequently used expressions are in certain contexts syntactically and morphological1y reanalyzed, and after having grammaticalised, they continue to develop new grammatical functions (cf. Traugott 1995). The general trend in the field of grammaticalisation is that new means are first very productive in spoken language and pervade standard language only after that. As will be shown later, the development of ten / nějaký in Czech is at a stage in which these...
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